Ke Alsina 1, Ieva Erdberga 1*, Mara Duma 2, Reinis Alksnis3 le Laila Dubova 1
1 Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Soil and Plant Sciences, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia,
2 Lefapha la Khemistri, Faculty of Food Technology, Latvia University of Life Sciences le Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia,
3 Lefapha la Mathematics, Faculty of Information Technologies, Latvia University of Life Sciences le Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
SELELEKELA
Ha kutlwisiso ya bohlokwa ba dijo ho netefatsa boleng le botshepehi ba bophelo ba motho e ntse e hola, kgatello lekaleng la temo e le ntho ya motheo ho netefatsa boleng ba dijo e ntse e eketseha. Litamati, e le meroho ea bobeli e lengoang ka ho fetisisa [ho ea ka lipalo-palo tsa Mokhatlo oa Lijo le Temo (FAO) tsa 2019], ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea lijo tsa hoo e ka bang lichaba tsohle.
Phepelo e lekanyelitsoeng ea lik'halori, fiber e batlang e phahame, le boteng ba liminerale, livithamini, le phenols, joalo ka li-flavonoids, li etsa hore tholoana ea tamati e be "lijo tse sebetsang hantle" tse fanang ka melemo e mengata ea 'mele le litlhoko tsa mantlha tsa phepo. (1). Lintho tse nang le lik'hemik'hale tse fumanehang ka har'a tamati, haholo-holo ka lebaka la matla a tsona a phahameng a antioxidant, ha li hlokomelehe feela bakeng sa ntlafatso ea bophelo bo botle, empa hape e le mokhoa oa ho phekola maloetse a fapa-fapaneng, a kang lefu la tsoekere, lefu la pelo le chefo. (2-4). Tholoana ea tamati e butsoitseng e na le kakaretso ea 3.0-8.88% e dry matter, e nang le 25% fructose, 22% glucose, 1% sucrose, 9% citric acid, 4% malic acid, 8% mineral elements, 8% protein, 7% pectin. , 6% cellulose, 4% hemicellulose, 2% lipids, le tse setseng 4% ke li-amino acid, divithamini, metsoako ea phenolic, le pigments (5, 6). Motsoako oa metsoako ena e fapana ho latela genotype, maemo a ho hōla, le boemo ba ho hōla ha litholoana. Limela tsa tamati li na le kutloelo-bohloko haholo ho maemo a tikoloho, joalo ka maemo a khanya, mocheso, le bongata ba metsi a ka tlas'a "substrate", e leng se lebisang liphetohong tsa metabolism ea limela, tse amang boleng le sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale tsa litholoana. (7). Maemo a tikoloho a ama thuto ea 'mele ea tamati le motsoako oa metabolite ea bobeli. Limela tse hōlileng ka tlas'a khatello ea maikutlo li sebetsa ka ho eketsa thepa ea tsona ea antioxidant (8).
Tšimoloho ea tamati joalo ka mofuta o hokahane le sebaka sa Amerika Bohareng (9) le mekhoa, joalo ka kaho ea matlo a limela ho fana ka thempereichara e hlokahalang le khanya e hlokahalang bakeng sa tamati, hangata e hlokoa ho fana ka maemo a hlokahalang a agroclimate, haholo-holo sebakeng se itekanetseng sa boemo ba leholimo le nakong ea mariha. Tlas'a maemo a joalo, khanya hangata ke eona e thibelang kholo ea tamati. Mabone a tlatsetso nakong ea mariha le mathoasong a selemo a lumella ho hlahisa tamati ea boleng bo holimo nakong ea mocheso o tlase oa letsatsi.
(10) . Tšebeliso ea mabone a nang le maqhubu a fapaneng a maqhubu ha e khone feela ho netefatsa chai e lekaneng ea tamati, empa hape e fetola sebopeho sa biochemical ea tholoana ea tamati. Lilemong tse 60 tse fetileng, mabone a sodium a phahameng a khatello e phahameng (HPSLs) a 'nile a sebelisoa indastering ea greenhouse ka lebaka la nako e telele ea ho sebetsa le litšenyehelo tse tlaase tsa ho reka.
(11) . Leha ho le joalo, lilemong tse fetileng, li-light-emitting diode (LEDs) li 'nile tsa tuma haholo e le mokhoa o mong o baballang matla. (12). Tlatsetso ea LED e sebelisitsoe e le mohloli o sebetsang oa leseli ho khotsofatsa tlhoko ea tlhahiso ea tamati. Likahare tsa Lycopene le lutein ka har'a tamati li ne li phahame ka 18 le 142% ha li ne li pepesetsoa mabone a tlatsetso a LED. Leha ho le joalo, в-Likahare tsa carotene ha lia fapana lipakeng tsa liphekolo tse bobebe (12). Lebone la LED le leputsoa le le khubelu le eketsehile lycopene le в- dikahare tsa carotene (13), e leng se etsang hore litholoana tsa tamati li butsoe kapele (14). Metsoako ea tsoekere e qhibilihang ea tholoana ea tamati e butsoitseng e theohile ka nako e telele e khubelu (FR) (15). Liphetho tse tšoanang li entsoe boithutong ke Xie: lebone le khubelu le baka ho bokellana ha lycopene, empa leseli la FR le fetola phello ena. (13). Ho na le litaba tse fokolang mabapi le litlamorao tsa khanya e putsoa ho nts'etsopele ea tholoana ea tamati, empa liphuputso li bonts'a hore leseli le leputsoa le na le phello e nyane ho bongata ba metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale ho tholoana ea tamati, empa haholo mabapi le botsitso ba tšebetso. Ka mohlala, Kong le ba bang ba fumane hore leseli le leputsoa le sebelisoa hamolemo ho lelefatsa nako ea bophelo ba tamati, kaha leseli le leputsoa le eketsa ho tiea ha tholoana. (16), e leng se hlileng se bolelang hore leseli le leputsoa le liehisa ho butsoa, e leng ho lebisang keketsehong ea palo ea tsoekere le mebala. Tšebeliso ea likoahelo tsa greenhouse e le mokhoa oa ho laola sebopeho sa khanya e paka mokhoa o tšoanang. Tšebeliso ea lesela le nang le khanya e phahameng e khubelu le boputsoa bo tlase e eketsa litaba tsa lycopene ka hoo e ka bang 25%. Hammoho le photoperiod e eketsehile ho tloha ho 11 ho isa ho 12 h, palo ea lycopene e eketseha ka hoo e ka bang 70% (17). Ha ho khonehe ka linako tsohle liphuputsong ho khetholla ka nepo phello ea lintlha liphetohong tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa tholoana ea tamati. Haholo-holo, maemong a sethopo, motsoako oa litholoana o ka eketsoa ka mocheso o phahameng kapa ka metsi a fokotsehileng. Ho feta moo, lintlha tsena li ka amahanngoa le genotypespecific ho mefuta le sethala sa nts'etsopele (1, 18). Khaello ea metsi e ka tsoela molemo boleng ba tomatofruit ka lebaka la ho eketseha ha lintho tse tiileng tse qhibilihang (tsoekere, li-amino acid, le li-organic acid), e leng metsoako e meholo e bokeletsoeng tholoaneng. Ho eketseha ha soluble solids ho ntlafatsa boleng ba litholoana hobane ho ama tatso le tatso (8).
Leha ho na le litlamorao tse tlalehiloeng tsa mabone a khanya mabapi le ho bokellana ha limela tsa metabolite, ho hlokahala tsebo e pharalletseng ea litlamorao tse fapaneng tsa ho ntlafatsa boleng ba tamati. Ka hona, sepheo sa phuputso ena ke ho lekola phello ea mabone a eketsehileng a sebelisoang ho greenhouse holim'a pokello ea metabolites ea mantlha le ea bobeli mefuteng e fapaneng ea tamati. Liphetoho ho spectral content ea mabone a tsamaiso li ka fetola sebopeho sa "primary" le "secondary metabolites" tholoaneng ea tamati. Tsebo e fumanoeng e tla ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea phello ea leseli kamanong e teng pakeng tsa lihlahisoa le boleng ba eona.
LISEBELISOA LE MEKHOA
Lintho tsa Semela le Maemo a Ho Hola Liteko li entsoe ka greenhouse (4 mm cell polycarbonate) ea Institute of Soil and Plant Sciences, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies 56°39N 23°43’E nakong ea 2018/2019, 2019/2020, le 2020/2021 ha nako ea hoetla ea pele-pele lihlabula.
Mefuta ea tamati e entetsoeng khoebong (Solanum lycopersicum L.) "Bolzano F1" ('mala oa tholoana-lamunu), "Chocomate F1" ('mala oa litholoana—sootho o mofubelu), le mefuta ea litholoana tse khubelu "Diamont F1," "Encore F1," le " Strabena F1” e ne e sebelisoa. Semela se seng le se seng se ne se e-na le lihlooho tse peli tse etellang pele 'me nakong ea khōlo, se ne se tšeloa holim'a tsamaiso ea terata e phahameng. Limela tse fumanoeng, pele, li ile tsa kenngoa ka lijaneng tsa polasetiki tse 5 L tse ntšo tse nang le "Laflora" peat substrate KKS-2, pH.KCl 5.2-6.0, le karoloana boholo 0-20 limilimithara, PG motsoako (NPK 15-1020) 1.2 lik'hilograma m-3, Ca 1.78%, le Mg 0.21%. Ha limela li fihla ho anthesis, li ile tsa jalleloa ka har'a linkho tsa polasetiki tse ntšo tsa 15 L ka "Laflora" peat substrate KKS-2. Limela li ile tsa nontša hanngoe ka beke ka tharollo ea 1% ea Kristalon Green (NPK 18-18-18) e nang le Mg, S, le microelements nakong ea ho hōla ha limela le Kristalon Red (NPK 12-12-36) ka microelements kapa 1. % Ca(NO3)2 nakong ea khalo, ka tekanyo ea 300 ml ka L ya substratum.
Boteng ba metsi ka har'a lijana tsa limela bo ne bo bolokoa ho 50-80% ea metsi a tletseng metsi. Karolelano ea mocheso oa motšehare / bosiu e ne e le 20-22°C/17-18°C.
Mocheso o moholo nakong ea letsatsi (March) ha oa ka oa feta 32°C le thempereichara e fokolang (November) bosiu e ne e se joalo <12°C. Thempereichara e boetse e lekantsoe ka tlas'a mabone a sebaka sa 50, 100, le 150 cm ho tloha leboneng. Ho ile ha lemohuoa hore tlas'a HPSL 50 cm ho tloha leboneng, mocheso o ne o le 1.5°C e phahameng ho feta tlasa tse ling. Phapang ea mocheso boemong ba litholoana ha ea ka ea bonoa.
Maemo a Lebone
Litamati li ne li lengoa linakong tsa hoetla-selemoea ka ho sebelisa mabone a eketsehileng ka photoperiod ea 16 h. Ho sebelisitsoe mehloli e meraro e fapaneng: Led cob Helle top LED 280 (LED), induction (IND) lamp, le HPSL Helle Magna (HPSL). Boemong bo holimo, limela li fumane 200 ± 30 ^molo m-2 s-1 tlasa LED le HPSL le 170 ± 30 ^molo m-2 s-1 tlas'a mabone a IND. Kabo ea khanya ea leseli e bontšoa hoLitšoantšo 1,2. Leseli le pharalletseng li ile tsa bonoa ka letsoho spectral light meter MSC15 (Gigahertz Optik GmbH, Turkenfeld, Germany, UK).
Mabone a sebelisitsoeng a ne a fapane ka kabo ea bona ea khanya ea leseli. E tšoanang haholo le khanya ea letsatsi karolong e khubelu (625-700 nm) ea mabone e ne e le HPSL. Lebone la IND karolong ena ea spectrum le fane ka khanya e fokolang ka 23.5%, empa LED e ne e le haufi le makhetlo a 2 ho feta. Leseli la Orange (590-625 nm) le ne le hlahisoa haholo ke HPSL, lebone le letala (500-565 nm) le ne le hlahisoa haholo ke IND, lebone le leputsoa (450-485 nm) le ne le hlahisoa haholo ke LED, empa lebone le pherese (380450 nm) e hlahisoa haholo ke lebone la IND. Ha ho bapisa khanya eohle e bonahalang, mohloli oa leseli la LED o lokela ho nkoa e le o haufi haholo le khanya ea letsatsi 'me IND e lokela ho nkoa e le e sa nepahalang ho ea ka ponahalo.
Ho ntšoa le ho ikemisetsa ha Phytochemicals
Litholoana tsa tamati li ile tsa kotuloa sethaleng sa ho butsoa ka botlalo. Litholoana li ne li kotuloa hang ka khoeli ho qala bohareng ba Pulungoana le ho fela ka Hlakubele. Litholoana tsohle li ne li baloa 'me tsa lekanngoa. Bonyane, litholoana tse 5 ho tsoa ho mofuta o mong le o mong (bakeng sa cv "Strabena" -8-10 fruits) li entsoe lisampole bakeng sa litlhahlobo. Litholoana tsa tamati li ne li siloa hore e be puree ka ho sebelisa blender ea letsoho. Bakeng sa paramethara e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e hlahlobiloeng, liphetolelo tse tharo li hlahlobiloe.
Boikemisetso ba Lycopene le в- Carotene
Ho fumana hore na lycopene e kae le в-carotene, sampole ea 0.5 ± 0.001 g ho tsoa ho tomate puree e ile ea lekanngoa ho ba tšupu 'me ea eketsoa 10 ml ea tetrahydrofuran (THF) (19). Li-tubes li ne li koetsoe 'me li bolokoa mocheso oa kamore ka metsotso e 15, li sisinyeha ka linako tse ling, 'me qetellong li kenngoa ka har'a metsotso e 10 ka 5,000 rpm. Mono oa matla a phahametseng tlhaho a fumanoeng o ile oa lekanngoa ka spectrophotometrically ka ho metha ho monya ho 663, 645, 505, le 453 nm ebe lycopene le вdikahare tsa carotene (mg 100 ml-1) li balletsoe ho latela equation e latelang.
Clyc = -0.0458 x Аббз + 0.204 x Аб45 + 0.372 x A505– 0.0806 x A453 (1)
Ckoloi = 0.216 x A663 – 1.22 x A645 – 0.304 x A505+ 0.452 x A453 (2)
moo A663, A645, A505, le A453—ho monya ka bolelele bo tsamaellanang (20).
Lycopene le в-makholo a carotene a hlalosoa e le mg gF-M1 .
Boikemisetso ba Kakaretso ea Phenols
Mohlala oa 1 ± 0.001 g ho tloha ho tomate puree o ile oa behoa ka har'a tšupu e phethiloeng 'me 10 ml ea solvent (methanol/distilled water/hydrochloric acid 79:20:1) e kentsoe. Li-tubes tse phethetsoeng li ile tsa koaloa 'me tsa tsukutloa ka metsotso e 60 ka metsotso e 20°C lefifing mme ebe e kenngwa centrifuged metsotso e 10 ka 5,000 rpm. Kakaretso ea khokahanyo ea phenol e khethiloe ka ho sebelisa mokhoa oa Folin-Ciocalteu spectrophotometric (21) ka lintlafatso tse ling: Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (e hlapollotsoeng ka makhetlo a 10 metsing a hloekisitsoeng) e ile ea kenngoa ho 0.5 ml ea mokelikeli 'me ka mor'a metsotso e 3 ho kenya 2 mL ofsodium carbonate (Na.2CO3) (75 gL-1). Mohlala o ile oa tsoakoa, 'me ka mor'a ho fuama ka lihora tse 2 mocheso oa kamore lefifing, ho monya ka 760 nm ho ile ha lekanyetsoa. Khokahano ea kakaretso ea metsoako ea phenolic e ile ea baloa ka ho sebelisa calibration curve le ho fumanoa equation 3, 'me ea hlahisoa e le gallic acid equivalent (GAE) ho 100 g ea boima ba tamati e ncha.
0.556 x (A760 + 0.09) x 100
Phe = 0.556 × (A760 + 0.09) × 100/m (3)
moo A760-absorption ka wavelength e tsamaellanang le m— boima ba sampuli.
Boikemisetso ba Flavonoids
Mohlala oa 1 ± 0.001 g ho tsoa ho puree ea tamati e ile ea behoa ka har'a tube e phethiloeng 'me ea eketsoa 10 ml ea ethanol. Li-tubes tse fumaneng mangolo li ile tsa koaloa 'me tsa tsukutloa ka metsotso e 60 ka metsotso e 20oC lefifing ebe e kenngwa centrifuged metsotso e 10 ka 5,000 rpm. Mokhoa oa colorimetric (22) e ne e sebelisetsoa ho fumana li-flavonoid ka liphetoho tse nyane: 2 mL ea metsi a hloekisitsoeng le 0.15 mL ea 5% sodium nitrite (NaNO2) tharollo e kenyelelitsoe ho 0.5 mL ea motsoako. Ka mor'a metsotso e 5, motsoako oa 0.15-mL oa 10% oa aluminium chloride (AlCl)3) e kentsoe. Motsoako o ile oa lumelloa ho ema bakeng sa metsotso e meng e 5 'me 1mL 1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) tharollo e kentsoe. Mohlala o ile oa tsoakoa 'me ka mor'a metsotso e 15 mocheso oa kamore, ho monya ho 415 nm ho ile ha lekanyetsoa. Kakaretso ea concentration ea flavonoid e ile ea baloa ka ho sebelisa calibration curve le Equation 4 'me ea hlahisoa e le palo ea li-catechin (CEs) ho 100 g ea boima ba tamati e ncha.
Fla = 0.444 × A415 × 100/m (4)
moo A415-ho monya ka bolelele bo tsamaellanang le m— boima ba sampuli.
Boikemisetso ba lintho tse omileng le tse qhibilihang Dry matter e fumanwe ka ho omisa disampole ho thermostat at60oC.
Kakaretso ea lintho tse tiileng tse qhibilihang (tse hlalosoang e le ◦Brix) e lekantsoe ka refractometer (A.KRUSS Optronic Digital Handheld Refractometer Dr301-95) e lekantsoeng ho 20.oC ka metsi a hloekisitsoeng.
Boikemisetso ba Tittable Acidity (TA)
Mohlala oa 2 ± 0.01 g ho tloha ho tomate puree o ile oa lekanngoa ka har'a tube e phethiloeng 'me metsi a hloekisitsoeng a kenngoa ho fihlela 20 ml. Li-tubes tse filoeng mangolo li ile tsa koaloa 'me tsa tsukutloa ka metsotso e 60 ka mocheso oa kamore, 'me tsa kenngoa centrifued metsotso e 10 ka lebelo la 5,000 rpm. Li-aliquots tse 5 mL li ne li rehiloe ka 0.1 M NaOH ka har'a phenolphthalein.
TA = VNaOH × Vt/Vs × m (5)
moo VNaoH-volume ea sebelisoa 0.1 M NaOH, Vt—kakaretso ea bophahamo ba modumo (20 mL), le Vs—sampled volume (5 mL).
Liphetho li hlahisoa e le mg ea citric acid ho 100 g ea boima ba tamati e ncha. 1 mL 0.1 M NaOH e tsamaisana le 6.4 mg citric acid.
Determination of Taste Index (TI)
TI e baloa ka ho sebelisa equation 6 (23).
TI = ◦Brix/(20 × TA)+ TA (6)
Lipatlisiso tsa Statistical
Ho tloaeleha le homogeneity ea lipalo-palo tse hlalosang li ile tsa lekoa bakeng sa litebello tse 354. Teko ea Shapiro-Wilk e ile ea sebelisoa bakeng sa ho lekola maemo a tloaelehileng ka har'a motsoako o mong le o mong oa mefuta-futa le kalafo ea mabone. Ho hakanya liphapang tse fapaneng, tlhahlobo ea Levene e entsoe. Teko ea Kruskal-Wallis e sebelisitsoe ho hlahloba phapang lipakeng tsa maemo a mabone. Ha liphapano tse kholo li ne li tsejoa, tlhahlobo ea Wilcoxon post-hoc e nang le litokiso tsa Bonferroni e ile ea sebelisoa bakeng sa ho bapisa ka bobeli. Boemo ba bohlokoa bo sebelisitsoeng ho mongolo, litafole le kerafo ke a = 5%, ntle le haeba ho boletsoe ka tsela e fapaneng.
LIPOTSO
Boholo ba tholoana ea tamati le li-parameter tsa biochemical tsa litholoana ke litlhophiso tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso, empa maemo a temo a na le tšusumetso e kholo likarolong tsena. Litholoana tse kholo ka ho fetisisa li kotuloa ho "Diamont" (88.3 ± 22.9 g) 'me litholoana tse nyenyane ka ho fetisisa li kotuloa ho "Strabena" (13.0 ± 3.8g), e leng mefuta e mengata ea tamati ea cherry. Boholo ba litholoana ka har'a mefuta e fapa-fapaneng le bona bo ne bo fapane ho tloha nakong ea kotulo. Litholoana tse kholo ka ho fetisisa li ile tsa kotuloa qalong ea tlhahiso 'me boholo ba tamati bo ile ba fokotseha ha limela li ntse li hōla. Leha ho le joalo, ho lokela ho hlokomeloa hore ka karolo e ntseng e eketseha ea leseli la tlhaho qetellong ea March, boholo ba tamati bo ile ba eketseha hanyenyane.
Lilemong tse tharo kaofela, chai e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea tamati e ile ea kotuloa ho sebelisoa HPSL e le mabone a eketsehileng. Phokotso ea lihlahisoa tlas'a li-LED e ne e le 16.0%, 'me e ka tlaase ho IND - 17.7% ha e bapisoa le HPSL. Mefuta e fapaneng ea tamati e arabetse ka tsela e fapaneng ho mabone a tlatsetso. Keketseho ea lihlahisoa, le hoja ho ea ka lipalo-palo e fokola, e ile ea hlokomeloa bakeng sa cv "Strabena", "Chocomate" le "Diamont" tlas'a li-LED. Bakeng sa cv "Bolzano" mabone a LED kapa a IND a ne a sa loka, ho ile ha bonoa phokotso ea kakaretso ea lihlahisoa ka 25-31%.
Ka kakaretso, litholoana tsa tamati tse khōloanyane li na le lintho tse omileng haholo le lintho tse qhibilihang, ha li monate hakaalo, 'me li na le li-carotenoid tse fokolang le phenols. Ntho e sa ameheng haholo ke boholo ba litholoana ke boteng ba asiti. Ho na le kamano e phahameng pakeng tsa lintho tse omileng le lintho tse soluble solids le TI (rn=195 > 0.9). Khokahano ea coefficient lipakeng tsa lintho tse omileng kapa tse qhibilihang ke metsi le carotenoid (lycopene le carotene) le litaba tsa phenol li pakeng tsa 0.7 le 0.8 (Setšoantšo sa 3).
Liteko li bonts'itse hore, le hoja ka linako tse ling liphapang tsa liparamente tse ithutoang lipakeng tsa mabone a sebelisoang li le kholo, ho na le liparamente tse 'maloa tse ka fetohang haholo tlas'a tšusumetso ea mohloli oa leseli o sebelisoang nakong eohle ea ho hōla le ho nahanela mefuta e mengata le tse tharo. linako tsa ho hōla (Lethathamo 1). Ho ka boleloa hore tamati ea mefuta eohle e lengoang tlas'a HPSL e na le lintho tse ommeng haholo (Lethathamo 1'meSetšoantšo sa 5).
Boima bo Bocha, Matter a Dry, le Soluble Solids
Boima le boholo ba litholoana li itšetlehile haholo ka maemo a ho hōla a semela. Leha ho ne ho na le phapang lipakeng tsa mefuta, palohare ea litholoana tsa tamati e holang ka tlas'a mabone a induction e ne e le nyane ka 12% ho feta tlasa HPSL kapa LED. Mefuta e fapaneng e bonahala e arabela ka tsela e fapaneng lebone la LED. Litholoana tse khōloanyane li thehoa tlas'a li-LED ke "Chocomate" le "Diamont," empa boima bo bocha ba "Bolzano" ka kakaretso ke 72% feela ea boima ba tamati tlas'a HPSL. Litholoana tsa "Encore" le "Strabena" tse lengoang tlas'a LED le mabone a tlatsetso a IND li tšoana ka boima 'me li nyane ka 10 le 7% ho feta tamati e lengoang tlas'a HPSL. (Setšoantšo sa 4).
Likahare tse ommeng ke e 'ngoe ea matšoao a boleng ba litholoana. E amana le lintho tse thata tse qhibilihang 'me e susumetsa tatso ea tamati. Litekong tsa rona, litaba tsa tamati li fapane pakeng tsa 46 le 113 mg g-1. Likahare tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa tsa dry matter (ka kakaretso 95 mg g-1) e ile ea fumanoa bakeng sa mofuta oa cherry "Strabena." Har'a mefuta e meng ea tamati, boleng bo phahameng ka ho fetesisa ba taba e ommeng (ka kakaretso 66 mg g-1) e fumanoe ho “Chocomate” (Setšoantšo sa 5).
Nakong ea teko, litaba tsa asiti ea organic, e hlahisoang e le citric acid (CA) e lekanang le tamati, e tloha ho 365 ho isa ho 640 mg 100 g.-1 . Asiti e phahameng ka ho fetesisa e fumanoe ho cv tamati ea cherry “Strabena,” karolelano ea 596 ± 201 mg CA 100 g.-1, empa asiti e tlase haholo e fumanoe ho cv ea tholoana e tšehla "Bolzano," karolelano ea 545 ± 145 mg CA 100 g.-1. Likahare tsa asiti ea tlhaho li fapane haholo eseng feela lipakeng tsa mefuta, empa hape le lipakeng tsa linako tsa lisampole; leha ho le joalo, ka kakaretso, kahare e phahameng ea asiti ea organic e fumanoe ka har'a tamati e lengoang ka tlas'a mabone a IND (e fetang HPSL le LED ka 10.2%).
Ka karolelano, lintho tse ommeng ka ho fetesisa li fumanoe litholoanang tse lenngoeng tlasa HPSL. Tlas'a lebone la IND, litaba tse omileng tsa tholoana ea tamati li fokotseha ka 4.7-16.1%, ka tlase ho LED ea 9.9-18.2%. Mefuta e sebelisoang litekong e na le maemo a fapaneng ho khanya. Ho ile ha hlokomeloa ho fokotseha ho honyenyane ha taba e omileng tlas'a maemo a fapaneng a khanya bakeng sa cv "Strabena" (5.8% forIND le11.1% ea LED, ka ho latellana) le phokotso e kholo ka ho fetisisa sebakeng se omileng tlas'a maemo a fapaneng a khanya e ile ea bonoa bakeng sa cv“Diamont”(16.1% le18.2) .XNUMX% ka ho latellana).
Ka karolelano, lintho tse tiileng tse qhibilihang li ne li fapane pakeng tsa 3.8 le 10.2 ◦Brix. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, bakeng sa drymatter, boleng bo phahameng ka ho fetesisa bo qhibilihang bo fumanoe ho mofuta oa tamati ea cherry "Strabena" (ka kakaretso 8.1 ± 1.0 ◦Brix). Tamati cv "Diamont" e ne e le monate haholo (ka karolelano 4.9 ± 0.4 ◦Brix).
Mabone a tlatsetso a amme haholo lihlahisoa tse qhibilihang tsa mefuta ea tamati "Bolzano," "Diamont" le "Encore." Tlas'a khanya ea LED, lintho tse soluble solids mefuteng ena li theohile haholo ha li bapisoa le HPSL. Phello ea lebone la IND e ne e fokola. Tlas'a maemo ana a mabone, ho lema litamati tsa cv "Bolzano" le "Strabena" ka kakaretso li ne li e-na le tsoekere e eketsehileng ea 4.7 le 4.3% ho feta tlas'a HPSL e jetsoeng. Ka bomalimabe, keketseho ena ha e bohlokoa ho latela lipalo (Setšoantšo sa 6).
TI ea tamati e fapana ho tloha ho 0.97 ho isa ho 1.38. E monate ka ho fetesisa e ne e le tamati ea cv "Strabena," ka kakaretso TI e ne e le 1.32 ± 0.1 'me e monate haholo e ne e le tamati ea cv "Diamont," ka kakaretso TI e ne e le 1.01 ± 0.06 feela. TI e phahameng e na le mofuta oa tamati "Bolzano," ka kakaretso TI (1.12 ± 0.06), e lateloe ke "Chocomate," ka kakaretso TI(1.08 ± 0.06).
Ka karolelano, TI ha e amehe haholo ke mohloli oa mabone, ntle le cv "Strabena," moo litholoana tse tlas'a lebone la IND.
TAEBELE EA 1 | P-Values (teko ea Kruskal-Wallis) ea litlamorao tsa mabone a fapaneng a tlatsetso ho boleng ba litholoana tsa tamati (n = 118).
paramethara |
"Bolzano" |
"Chocomate" |
"Encore" |
"Diamonte" |
"Strabena |
Boima ba tholoana |
0.013 * |
0.008 ** |
0.110 |
0.400 |
0.560 |
Taba e omileng |
0.022 * |
0.013 * |
0.011 * |
0.001 ** |
0.015 * |
Soluble solids |
0.027 * |
0.030 |
0.030 * |
0.001 ** |
0.270 |
Mongobo |
0.078 |
0.022 |
0.160 |
0.001 ** |
0.230 |
Lenane la tatso |
0.370 |
0.140 |
0.600 |
0.001 ** |
0.023 * |
Likopi |
0.052 |
0.290 |
0.860 |
0.160 |
0.920 |
в-carotene |
<0.001 *** |
0.007 ** |
0.940 |
0.110 |
0.700 |
Phenols |
0.097 |
0.750 |
0.450 |
0.800 |
0.420 |
Flavonoids |
0.430 |
0.035 * |
0.720 |
0.440 |
0.170 |
Maemo a bohlokoa "******0.001, "**0.01, le "*”0.05. |
|
e na le keketseho ea TI ha e bapisoa le HPSL ka 7.4% (LED ka 4.2%) ha e bapisoa le HPSL le cv "Diamont" tlas'a maemo a mabone a boletsoeng pejana a fokotsehile ka 5.3 le 8.4%, ka ho latellana.
Litaba tsa Carotenoids
Litamati tsa Lycopene li fapane ho tloha ho 0.07 (cv "Bolzano") ho isa ho 7 mg 100 g.-1 FM ("Strabena"). Likahare tsa lycopene tse hodimo hanyane papisong le “Diamont” (4.40 ± 1.35 mg 100 g-1 FM) le "Encore" (4.23 ± 1.33 mg 100 g-1 FM) e fumanoe ka litholoana tse sootho tse 'mala o mofubelu tsa "Chocomate" (4.74 ± 1.48 mg 100 g-1 FM).
Ka karolelano, litholoana tse tsoang limela tse lenngoeng ka tlas'a mabone a IND li na le 17.9% ea lycopene e eketsehileng ha e bapisoa le HPSL. Lebone la LED le boetse le khothalelitse tlhahiso ea lycopene, empa ho isa boholeng bo tlase, ka karolelano ea 6.5%. Phello ea mehloli ea leseli e fapane ho ea ka mofuta oa mofuta. Phapano e kholo ka ho fetisisa ho lycopene biosynthesis e hlokometsoe bakeng sa "Chocomate." Keketseho ea litaba tsa lycopene tlas'a IND ha e bapisoa le HPSL e ne e le 27.2% le ka tlase ho LED ka 13.5%. "Strabena" e ne e sa nyenyefatse, ka liphetoho tsa 3.2 le -1.6%, ka ho latellana, ha ho bapisoa le HPSL. (Setšoantšo sa 7). Leha ho na le liphetho tse batlang li kholisa, ts'ebetso ea lipalo ea data ha e netefatse ho tšepahala ha eona (Lethathamo 1).
Nakong ea teko, в-Carotene dikahare ka tamati karolelano ho tloha 4.69 ho 9.0 mg 100 g-1 FM. Ea phahameng ka ho fetisisa в-karotene e fumanwe ho cv ya tamati ya cherry “Strabena,” kakaretso ya 8.88 ± 1.58 mg 100 g-1 FM, empa e tlase в-Carotene content e fumanwe ho cv ya tholoana e tshehla "Bolzano," karolelano ya 5.45 ± 1.45 mg 100 g-1 FM.
Phapang e kholo ea litaba tsa carotene e fumanoe lipakeng tsa mefuta e holisitsoeng ka mabone a fapaneng a tlatsetso. Cv “Bolzano” e lengoang tlas’a LED e bontša phokotseho e khōlō karolong ea carotene (ka 18.5% ha e bapisoa le HPSL), ha “Chocomate” e na le carotene e tlaase ka tlaase ho HPSL ho tholoana ea tamati (5.32 ± 1.08 mg 100 g FM-1) mme e eketsehile ka 34.3% tlasa LED le 46.4 % tlasa mabone a IND (Setšoantšo sa 8).
Kakaretso ea Phenolics le Flavonoids Content
Tekanyo ea phenol ea litholoana tsa tamati e fapana ka karolelano ho tloha ho 27.64 ho isa ho 56.26 mg GAE 100 g.-1 FM (Lethathamo 2). Lintho tse phahameng ka ho fetesisa tsa phenol li bonoa bakeng sa "Strabena" 'me litaba tse tlase haholo tsa phenol li bonoa bakeng sa "Diamont". Thepa ea phenol ea tamati e fapana ho ea ka nako ea ho butsoa ha litholoana, kahoo ho na le liphetoho tse kholo lipakeng tsa linako tse fapaneng tsa lisampole. Sena se lebisa tabeng ea hore phapang pakeng tsa tamati e lengoang tlas'a mabone a fapaneng ha e bohlokoa.
Leha ho na le phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea mabone a tlatsetso e hlahang feela molemong oa cv ea "Chocomate," kakaretso ea "flavonoid" ea litholoana tse lenngoeng ka tlas'a lebone ke 33.3%, empa e ka tlase ho LED ka 13.3% ho feta. Tlas'a mabone a IND, phapano e kholo lipakeng tsa mefuta e bonoa, empa ka tlase ho LED, phapang e ka har'a 10.3-15.6%.
Liteko li bontšitse hore mefuta e fapaneng ea tamati e arabela ka tsela e fapaneng ho mabone a tlatsetso a sebelisitsoeng.
Ha e khothalletsoe ho hōlisa cv "Bolzano" tlas'a lebone la LED kapa la IND hobane maboneng ana, litlhophiso li tšoana le tse fumanoang tlas'a HPSL kapa ka tlase haholo. Tlas'a mabone a LED, boima ba tholoana e le 'ngoe, ntho e omileng, lintho tse qhibilihang ka har'a metsi, le carotene li fokotsehile haholo. ( Setšoantšo sa 9 ).
TAEBELE EA 2 | Likahare tsa kakaretso ea phenolics [mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) 100 g-1 FM] le flavonoids [mg citric acid (CA) 100 g-1 FM] ka litholoana tsa tamati tse hōlileng ka tlas'a mabone a fapaneng a tlatsetso.
paramethara |
"Bolzano" |
"Chocomate" |
"Encore" |
"Diamonte" |
"Strabena" |
Phenols |
|||||
HPSL |
36.33 ± 5.34 |
31.23 ± 5.67 |
27.64 ± 7.12 |
30.26 ± 5.71 |
48.70 ± 11.24 |
Leslie |
33.21 ± 4.05 |
34.77 ± 6.39 |
31.00 ± 6.02 |
30.63 ± 5.11 |
56.26 ± 13.59 |
LED |
36.16 ± 6.41 |
31.70 ± 6.80 |
30.44 ± 3.01 |
30.98 ± 6.52 |
52.57 ± 10.41 |
Flavonoids |
|||||
HPSL |
4.50 ± 1.32 |
3.78 ± 0.65a |
2.65 ± 1.04 |
2.57 ± 1.15 |
5.17 ± 2.33 |
Leslie |
4.57 ± 0.75 |
5.24 ± 0.79b |
4.96 ± 1.46 |
2.84 ± 0.67 |
6.65 ± 1.64 |
LED |
4.96 ± 1.08 |
4.37 ± 1.18ab |
3.02 ± 1.04 |
2.88 ± 1.08 |
5.91 ± 1.20 |
Mekhoa e fapaneng haholo e ngotsoe ka litlhaku tse fapaneng. |
Ho fapana le "Bolzano," "Chocomate" tlas'a mabone a LED a eketsa boima ba tholoana e le 'ngoe' me palo ea carotene e eketseha. Lintlha tse ling tse sa kenyellelitsoeng lintho tse omileng le lintho tse soluble solids le tsona li phahame ho feta litholoana tse fumanoang tlas'a HPSL. Tabeng ea mofuta ona, lebone la induction le boetse le bontša liphetho tse ntle (Setšoantšo sa 9).
Bakeng sa cv "Diamont," matšoao a khethollang boleng ba tatso a fokotsehile haholo tlas'a lebone la LED, empa litaba tsa mebala le li-flavonoid lia eketseha. (Setšoantšo sa 9).
Likhalthiba "Encore" le "Strabena" ke tsona tse sa arabeleng ka ho fetisisa kalafo ea khanya ea tlatsetso. Bakeng sa "Encore," paramethara e angoang haholo ke khanya ea khanya ea LED ke lintho tse qhibilihang. "Strabena" e boetse e khona ho mamella liphetoho tse hlahang sebopehong sa khanya. Sena se ka bakoa ke liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa mofuta ona, kaha ona e ne e le oona feela mofuta oa tamati oa cherry o kenyellelitsoeng tekong. E ne e tšoauoa ka lipharamitha tsohle tse ithutoang haholo. Ka hona, ho ne ho sa khonehe ho lemoha liphetoho ho liparamente tse ithutoang tlas'a tšusumetso ea khanya (Setšoantšo sa 9).
TŠOHLOA
Boima bo tloaelehileng ba litholoana tsa langa le le lej bo lumellana le boima bo reriloeng ba mefuta-futa; leha ho le joalo, ha e finyelloe. Sena e ka ba ka lebaka la mokhoa oa ho lema ho fapana le boleng ba khanya, kaha metsi a manyane a ka sebelisoa sebakeng sa peat substrate, se ka fokotsang boima ba tholoana, empa sa eketsa bongata ba lintho tse sebetsang le ho ntlafatsa tatso ea tatso. (24). Ho feto-fetoha ho honyenyane ha boima bo tloaelehileng ba tholoana ba “Encore F1” ka lebaka la mohloli oa mabone ho ka bontša ho mamella mabone a mofuta ona. Sena se tsamaellana le tlhahlobo ea taba (25). Kotulo le boleng ba tamati ha li amehe feela ke matla a khanya e sebelisoang, empa le boleng ba eona. Liphetho li bonts'a hore kotulo e nyane e ka tlase ho mabone a IND. Leha ho le joalo, ho ka khonahala hore liphetho tse nyane li bonts'e ka lebaka la matla a manyane a mabone a induction ho sa tsotelehe taba ea hore karolo ea mantlha ea mabone a induction ke "green wave wave". Lintlha li bontša hore ho eketseha ha lebone le khubelu ho kenya letsoho ho eketseng boima bo bocha ba tamati, empa ha bo ame ho eketseha ha lintho tse ommeng. Ho bonahala eka lebone le lefubelu le khothalelitse ho eketseha ha metsi ka har'a litamati. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho eketseha ha leseli le leputsoa ho fokotsa lintho tse omileng tsa mefuta eohle ea tamati. Ntho e sa utloeleng bohloko haholo ke mofuta oa tamati o mosehla "Balzano". Liphuputso tse 'maloa li bontšitse hore photosynthesis tlas'a motsoako oa khanya e khubelu le e putsoa e atisa ho ba holimo ho feta tlas'a mabone a HPS, empa litholoana lia lekana. (12). Olle le Virsile (26) e fumane hore li-LED tse khubelu li ntlafatsa chai ea litamati le hore e totobatsa liphuputso tsa liphuputso tsa rona tse bolelang hore ka kakaretso maqhubu a makhubelu a eketsa chai. Ka maikutlo a ts'oanang, Zhang et al. (14) e hlalosa hore esita le ho kenya FR lebone hammoho le li-LED tse khubelu le HPSL e eketsa palo ea litholoana. Mabone a tlatsetso a boputsoa le bofubelu ba LED a entse hore tholoana ea tamati e butsoe kapele. Sena se ka bontša hore lebaka la ho ba le boima bo bongata ba litholoana tlas'a li-LED bakeng sa mefuta ea "Chocomate F1" le ea "Diamont F1", kaha ho butsoa kapele ho ile ha lebisa ho hlophisoeng ha litholoana tse ncha pejana. Mabapi le poelo, boitsebiso ba rona bo bontša hore ha se ho eketseha ha lebone le lefubedu ho leng bohlokoa haholo ho ho eketsa chai, empa ke karolo e eketsehileng ea khanya e khubelu ho feta khanya e putsoa.
Kaha e 'ngoe ea litšobotsi tse ratoang tsa tamati ho moreki ke monate, ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa mekhoa e ka bang teng ea ho ntlafatsa tšobotsi ena. Leha ho le joalo, hangata e fetoloa ke maemo a fapaneng a tikoloho (27). Ho na le bopaki ba hore boleng ba khanya bo boetse bo ama karolo ea biochemical ea tholoana ea tamati. Tsoekere e qhibilihang ea tholoana ea tamati e butsoitseng e theohile ka nako e telele ea khanya ea FR (15). Kong et al. (16) liphetho li bonts'itse hore kalafo e bobebe e putsoa e lebisitse haholo ho soluble solids. Tsoekere limeleng li eketsoa ka khanya e tala, e putsoa le e khubelu (28). Liteko tsa rona ha li netefatse seo, hobane ho eketseha ha leseli le bolou le le lefubelu ka ho fapana ho fokolitse litaba tsa soluble solids hangata. Liphetho tsa rona li bonts'itse hore boemo bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa ba tsoekere e qhibilihang bo fumanoe tlas'a HPSL e tlisang karolo e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea mabone a khubelu ho feta mabone a mang hape e phahamisa mocheso haufi le mabone. Sena se tsamaisana le liphuputso tsa pejana moo lithuto tsa Erdberga et al. (29) e bonts'itse hore litaba tsa tsoekere e qhibilihang, li-organic acid lia eketseha ka litekanyetso tse ntseng li eketseha tsa maqhubu a khubelu. Liphetho tse ts'oanang li fumanoe liphuputsong tse ling. Boima bo phahameng ba tholoana ea tamati bo fumanoe limeleng tse bonesitsoeng ka mabone a HPS ha li bapisoa le limela tse tsoang mabone a LED (8.7-12.2% ho latela mofuta oa limela) (30).
Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tsa Dzakovich et al. (31) e bontshitse hore supplemental light quality (HPSL via LEDs) ha e a ama physicochemicals haholo (total soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid content, pH, total phenolics, le flavonoid tse hlaheletseng le carotenoids) kapa litšobotsi tsa kutlo tsa tamati e hōlileng ka sethopo. Sena se bontša hore palo ea tsoekere e qhibilihang ka har'a litholoana e ka angoa eseng feela ke lintlha tse itseng, empa le ke metsoako ea tsona. Hape litekong tsa rona ho ne ho sa khonehe ho fumana maemo a teng lipakeng tsa tšusumetso ea khanya ka har'a asiti. Haholo-holo, liphuputso tsa nako e tlang ha lia lokela ho shebana feela le kamano e teng lipakeng tsa mefuta le leseli, empa hape le kamano pakeng tsa mofuta oa limela le khanya. Dry matter content e ne e phahame ho "Chocomate F1" le "Strabena F1." Sena se lumellana le Kurina et al. (6), moo ka kakaretso, matlafatsi a bofubelu-bosootho a bokeletseng lintho tse omileng (6.46%). Lithuto tsa Duma et al. (32) e bontšitse hore ha ho bapisoa boima ba litholoana le TI, ho hlokomeloa hore TI e phahameng ke ea tamati e nyenyane kapa e khōloanyane. Liteko tsa Rodica et al. (23) e bontšitse hore cherry le tamati e 'mala o mofubelu o sootho li na le matla a qhibilihang. Phuputsong ena, ho totobatsoa hore bongata ba metsoako ea manyolo e khethollang tatso ea litholoana bo itšetlehile ka tlhahiso ea mofuta.
Ho pepesetsoa mabone a tlatsetso a khubelu le boputsoa ba LED ho eketsa lycopene le в- dikahare tsa carotene (13, 29, 33, 34). Dannehl et al. (12) liphuputso li bonts'itse hore likahare tsa lycopene le lutein ka litamati li ne li le holimo ka 18 le 142% ha li ne li pepesetsoa lebone la LED. Leha ho le joalo, в-Likahare tsa carotene li ne li se fapane pakeng tsa liphekolo tse bobebe. Ntagkas et al. (35) e bontšitse hore zeaxanthin, sehlahisoa sa в-ho fetola carotene, e eketsa litholoana tsa tamati tlas'a khanya e putsoa le e tšoeu. Thutong ena, lintlha tsena ke 'nete feela tabeng ea "Bolzano F1" moo ho fumanoeng palo e kholoanyane ea lycopene tlas'a phekolo ea LED, empa в-carotene e arabetse hampe kalafong ena. Sena se bakoa ke liphatsa tsa lefutso kaha “Bolzano F1” e le mofuta oa litholoana tsa lamunu feela thutong ena. Lithutong tse ling, ka mefuta e khubelu ea litholoana le sootho, palo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea lycopene le в-carotene e fumanoe tlas'a mabone a Induction a sa netefatseng mekhoa ea lilemo tse fetileng (29). Liteko tsa rona li bonts'itse hore boleng ba lycopene ba mefuta eohle ea tamati ea litholoana tse khubelu bo eketsehile ka khanya e putsoa. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, liphetoho tse nang le carotene lijalong tse fapaneng li hloleha ho fumana maemo a tloaelehileng ho mefuta eohle ea tamati e sebelisoang litekong. Phapang ena e supa tlhokahalo ea tlhahlobo e eketsehileng ea taba nakong e tlang. Mokhoa o ts'oanang oa karabelo khanyeng ka lebaka la likarolo tsa mofuta oa mofuta oa mofuta o ile oa bonoa ka chelete ea phenolsandflavonoids. Likhalthiba tsohle tsa litholoana tse khubelu le tse sootho li bonts'itse litholoana tse ntle ka tlas'a mabone a IND, ha "Bolzano F1" e arabetse ka liphetho tse phahameng ho HPSL le mabone a LED ntle le phapang e kholo. Phuputso ena e lumellana le liphuputso tsa Kong: kalafo e khanyang e putsoa haholo e lebisitse tlhokomelong ea metsoako ea phenolic (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, le rutin) (16). Leseli le khubelu le sa khaotseng le ile la eketsa lycopene haholo, в-carotene, kakaretso ea phenolic lintho, bongata ba flavonoid kaofela, le tšebetso ea antioxidant ka litamati (36). Lithutong tsa rona tsa pejana, li-flavonoids li ile tsa fetoha tse feto-fetohang; ka hona, ha ho litlamorao tsa wavelength ea khanya tse lokelang ho elelloa hore li bohlokoa.
Theamountofphenol e ile ea eketseha ka karolo e ntseng e hola ea khanya e putsoa e fanoang ke mabone a LED (29), sena se lumellana hape le lipatlisiso tsa rona. Ho boletsoe libukeng tse ling tsa bafuputsi hore ho pepesetsoa UV kapa lebone la LED ha hoa ka ha ama metsoako eohle ea phenolic, ho sa tsotellehe hore liphekolo tse bobebe li tsejoa ka ho fetola ponahalo ea mefuta e mengata ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e amehang ho biosynthesis ofphenolic compounds le carotenoids. (36). Ho lokela ho boleloa hore ka ho tšoana le ka boima ba litholoana, ha ho na phapang e khōlō ea metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale ho "Encore F1" ka lebaka la phekolo e bobebe. Sena se u fa monyetla oa ho bolela hore mofuta oa "Encore F1" o ka mamella sebopeho sa khanya. Liteko tsa rona li tiisa boitsebiso ba lingoliloeng ba hore kopanyo ea metabolites ea bobeli e matlafatsoa ke bongata ba khanya e putsoa le karolo e eketsehileng ea lebone le leputsoa tsamaisong eohle ea mabone.
Liphetho tse fumanoeng li bontša hore likaroloana tsa lik'hemik'hale, ho kenyeletsoa tsoekere e qhibilihang ka asiti le karo-karolelano ea tsona, tse ikarabellang bakeng sa tatso ea mefuta-futa, li itšetlehile haholo ka liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa mofuta ona. Tatso e ntle ea tamati ha e bonahale feela ka ho kopana ha mebala e itseng le lintho tse phelang hantle, empa le ka bongata ba tsona. Haholo-holo, karo-karolelano le bongata ba asiti le tsoekere li bontša tatso ea boleng bo holimo. Phuputsong ena, kamano e ntle pakeng tsa tswekere e qhibilihang le titratable acid ke ~0.4, e amanang le lipatlisiso tsa Hernandez Suarez, moo kamano e ntle lipakeng tsa litsupa tse peli e fumanoeng e le 0.39 (37). Lithutong tsaDzakovich et al. (31), tamati e ile ea hlahisoa bakeng sa lintho tse tiileng tse qhibilihang kaofela, asiti e titratable, ascorbic acid content, pH, total phenolics, le flavonoids le carotenoids tse hlaheletseng. Liphuputso tsa bona li bontšitse hore boleng ba tholoana ea greenhouse tomato e anngoe hanyenyane feela ke liphekolo tsa mabone a tlatsetso. Ho feta moo, boitsebiso ba setsi sa kutlo sa bareki bo bontšitse hore tamati e lengoang tlas'a mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho bonesa e ne e ka bapisoa le mekhoa ea ho bonesa e lekiloeng. Boithuto bo khothalelitse hore tikoloho ea khanya e matla e tsamaisanang le lits'ebetso tsa tlhahiso ea greenhouses e ka hlakola litlamorao tsa maqhubu a khanya a sebelisoang lithutong tsa bona mabapi le likarolo tse itseng tsa metabolism ea litholoana. (31). Sena se ipapisitse le phuputso ena, kaha lipalo tse fumanoeng ha li bontše mekhoa e hlakileng le e sa hlakang, e leng se re lumellang ho bolela hore lebone le leng le thusa litamati ho feta tse ling. Leha ho le joalo, mabone a itseng a ka sebelisoa bakeng sa mefuta e itseng, ka mohlala, mabone a HPSL a tla lokela “Bolzano F1” ’me mabone a LED a khothaletsoa bakeng sa “Chocomate F1.” Sena se tsamaellana le boithuto le phello ea libaka tse fapaneng tsa latitudes mabapi le thepa ea lik'hemik'hale ea tamati. Bhandari etal. (38) e hlakisitse hore le hoja motsoako oa sebaka sa letsatsi le sepakapakeng, ka lebaka leo, motsoako oa maqhubu a khanya a bonahalang, o phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho fetoleng k’hemik’hale ea litamati; ho na le mefuta e sa khoneng ho sebetsana le lits'ebetso tsena. Liqeto tsena kaofela li fana ka maikutlo a hore motsoako oa lik'hemik'hale oa tamati o itšetlehile haholo ka mofuta oa genotype, kaha likamano tsa mefuta ea limela le limela, haholo-holo le mabone, li itšetlehile ka liphatsa tsa lefutso.
QETELLO
Mefuta e fapaneng ea tamati e arabela ka tsela e fapaneng ho mabone a tlatsetso a sebelisitsoeng. Likhalthiba "Encore" le "Strabena" ke tsona tse sa arabeleng mabone a tlatsetso. Bakeng sa "Encore," eona feela paramethara e anngoeng haholo ke khanya ea khanya ea LED ke "soluble solids content. "Strabena" e boetse e na le mamello liphetohong tsa ponahalo ea khanya. Sena se ka ba teng ka lebaka la liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa mofuta ona, kaha e ne e le mofuta oa tamati ea cherry feela e kenyellelitsoeng tekong. Ha ho kgothaletswe ho lema orange color fruit cv "Bolzano" tlasa lebone la LED kapa la IND hobane maboneng ana, tlhophiso e boemong ba HPSL kapa e mpe le ho feta. Tlas'a mabone a LED, boima ba tholoana e le 'ngoe, ntho e omileng, lintho tse soluble solids, le в- carotene e fokotsehile haholo. Boima ba tholoana e le 'ngoe le palo ea в-carotene ea cv ea litholoana tsa 'mala o mofubelu "Chocomate" tlas'a mabone a LED a eketseha haholo. Mekhabiso e meng e sa kenyellelitsoeng lintho tse omileng le lintho tse soluble solids le tsona li phahame ho feta litholoana tse fumanoang tlas'a HPSL.
Liteko li bonts'itse hore HPSL e hlohlelletsa ho bokellana ha metabolite ea mantlha litholoanang tsa tamati. Maemong 'ohle, lintho tse soluble solids li ne li phahame ka 4.7-18.2% ha li bapisoa le mehloli e meng ea mabone.
Ha mabone a LED le a IND a ntša khanya e ka bang 20% ea blue-violet, liphetho li fana ka maikutlo a hore karolo ena ea spectrum e hlohlelletsa ho bokellana ha metsoako ea phenolic le litholoana ka 1.6-47.4% ha ho bapisoa le HPSL. Likahare tsa carotenoids e le metabolites ea bobeli li ipapisitse le mefuta le mohloli oa leseli. Mefuta e khubelu ea litholoana e atisa ho kopanya haholoanyane в-carotene e tlas'a khanya ea LED le khanya ea IND.
Karolo e putsoa ea mabala e bapala karolo e kholo ho netefatsa boleng ba lijalo. Keketseho kapa palo ea karolo ea eona ho kakaretso ea spectrum e khothalletsa kopanyo ea metsoako ea bobeli ea metabolites (lycopene, phenols le flavonoids), e lebisang ho fokotseheng ha lintho tse omileng le lintho tse soluble solids.
Ka lebaka la phello e kholo ea phapang ea genotypic litamating le likamanong tse bobebe, boithuto bo tsoelang pele bo lokela ho tsoelapele ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho kopantseng mefuta ea limela le mefuta e fapaneng ea mabone a tlatsetso ho eketsa litaba tsa metsoako e sebetsang ka biologically.
POLELO EA FUMANO EA DATA
Lintlha tse tala tse tšehetsang sephetho sa sengoloa sena li tla fumaneha ke bangoli, ntle le pehelo e sa hlokahaleng.
TLHOKOMELISO MOTSAMAI
IE e ne e laola temo le lisampole tsa tamati, mosebetsi oa laboratori, quantification ea metsoako, hape e kentse letsoho ho ngotseng buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho. IA e hlahisitse khopolo, e kentse letsoho khopolong ea boithuto le moralong, e ne e laola sampole ea tamati, mosebetsi oa laboratori, quantification ea metsoako, hape e kentse letsoho ho ngoloeng ha buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho. MD e kentse letsoho khopolong ea phuputso le moralong, ho kaonafatsa mekhoa ea tlhahlobo, e hlahlobile lisampole laboratoring, le ho etsa likhothaletso le litlhahiso. RA e kentse letsoho tlhahlobong ea lipalo-palo, tlhaloso ea lintlha, 'me ea fana ka likhothaletso le litlhahiso mabapi le buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho. LD e kentse letsoho khopolong ea phuputso le moralong, e ne e laola sampole ea tamati, mosebetsi oa laboratori, quantification ea metsoako, 'me ea fana ka likhothaletso le litlhahiso mabapi le buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho. Bangoli bohle ba kentse letsoho sengolong mme ba lumella mofuta o rometsoeng oa buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho.
FUNDING
Thuto ena e tšehelitsoe ka lichelete ke Lenaneo la Latvian Rural Development 2014-2020 Cooperation, letsetsa 16.1 morero oa Nr. 19-00-A01612-000010 Patlisiso ea litharollo tse ncha le nts'etsopele ea mekhoa e mecha bakeng sa katleho le keketseho ea boleng ho Latvian greenhouse sector (IRIS).
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Khohlano ea Thahasello: Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore lipatlisiso li entsoe ho se na likamano tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka hlalosoang e le khohlano e ka bang teng ea lithahasello.
Mohoeletsi oa Mohatisi: Litlaleho tsohle tse hlahang sengolong sena ke tsa bangoli feela, 'me ha li hlile ha li emele tsa mekhatlo e ikopantseng le bona, kapa tsa mophatlalatsi, bahlophisi le bahlahlobisisi. Sehlahisoa sefe kapa sefe se ka hlahlojoang sengoliloeng sena, kapa tseko e ka etsoang ke moetsi oa sona, ha sea tiisetsoa kapa theko ea mohatisi.
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