Sachin G. Chavan (1,2,*) , Zhong-Hua Chen (1,3), Oula Ghannoum (1) , Christopher I. Cazzonelli (1) le David T. Tissue 1,2)
1. Setsi sa Naha sa Sejalo se Sirelelitsoeng sa Meroho, Setsi sa Tikoloho sa Hawkesbury, Sydney Bophirimela
Univesithi, Mokotla o notletsoeng 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; z.chen@westernsydney.edu.au (Z.-HC); o.ghannoum@westernsydney.edu.au (OG); c.cazzonelli@westernsydney.edu.au (CIC); d.tissue@westernsydney.edu.au (DTT)
2. Setsi sa Lefatše sa Boqapi ba Mobu, Khampase ea Hawkesbury, Univesithi ea Western Sydney,
Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
3. Sekolo sa Saense, Univesithi ea Bophirimela ea Sydney, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
* Lingollano: s.chavan@westernsydney.edu.au; Mohala: + 61-2-4570-1913
inahaneloang: Temo e sirelelitsoeng e fana ka mokhoa oa ho matlafatsa tlhahiso ea lijo ha ho tobane le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo
le ho fana ka lijo tse phetseng hantle ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng ka lisebelisoa tse fokolang. Leha ho le joalo, ho etsa mokhoa ona oa temo
ka moruo, re hloka ho nahana ka boemo ba lijalo tse sirelelitsoeng maemong a teng
mahlale le lijalo tse tsamaellanang tsa temo ea lirapa. Tlhahlobo ena e hlalosa menyetla e teng
le liqholotso tse tlamehang ho rarolloa ke lipatlisiso tse tsoelang pele le boqapi ho sena se thabisang empa
tšimo e rarahaneng Australia. Mehaho ea polasi ea ka tlung e arotsoe ka bophara ho tse tharo tse latelang
maemo a tsoelopele ea theknoloji: maemo a tlase, a mahareng le a maemo a holimo a nang le liphephetso tse tsamaellanang
tse hlokang litharollo tse ncha. Ho feta moo, mefokolo ea ka hare ho ntlo semela kgolo le a sireletsa
mekhoa ea ho lema lijalo (mohlala, litšenyehelo tse phahameng tsa matla) li fokolitse tšebeliso ea temo ea ka tlung ka mokhoa o itseng
lijalo tse fokolang, tsa boleng bo holimo. Kahoo, re hloka ho hlahisa mefuta e mecha ea lijalo e loketseng temo ea ka tlung
tse ka fapanang le tse hlokahalang bakeng sa tlhahiso ea masimo a bulehileng. Ho phaella moo, lijalo tse sirelelitsoeng
e hloka litšenyehelo tse phahameng tsa ho qala, basebetsi ba hloahloa ba theko e phahameng, tšebeliso e phahameng ea matla, le likokoanyana tse kholo
le taolo ea mafu le taolo ea boleng. Ka kakaretso, lijalo tse sirelelitsoeng li fana ka litharollo tse tšepisang
bakeng sa polokeho ea lijo, ha e ntse e fokotsa khabone ea tlhahiso ea lijo. Leha ho le joalo, bakeng sa ka hare
tlhahiso ea lijalo ho ba le phello e ntle ho polokeho ea lijo le phepo e nepahetseng lefatšeng ka bophara
tšireletseho, tlhahiso ea moruo ea lijalo tse fapaneng e tla ba ea bohlokoa.
Keywords: lijalo tse sirelelitsoeng; polasi e emeng; setso se se nang mobu; ts'ebetso ea lijalo; temo ea ka tlung;
tšireletseho ea lijo; botsitso ba mohlodi
1. Selelekela
Palo ea baahi ba lefats'e e lebelletsoe ho fihla ho hoo e ka bang limilione tse likete tse 10 ka 2050, 'me kholo ea kholo e lebelletsoe ho etsahala literopong tse kholo lefatšeng ka bophara [1,2]. Ha palo ea baahi e ntse e eketseha, tlhahiso ea lijo e tlameha ho eketseha le ho finyella litlhoko tsa phepo e nepahetseng le bophelo bo botle ha ka nako e le 'ngoe e finyella Lipakane tsa Ntšetso-pele ea Machaba a Kopaneng (UN SDGs) [3,4]. Ho theoha ha mobu o lemehang le litlamorao tse mpe tsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo temong li baka liqholotso tse ling tse tlamang mats'oao a nakong e tlang a tlhahiso ea lijo ho fihlela tlhokahalo e ntseng e eketseha lilemong tse mashome a seng makae tse tlang. Ka mohlala, mapolasi a Australia a atisa ho pepeseha ho feto-fetoha ha maemo a leholimo 'me a kotsing ea liphetoho tsa nako e telele tsa boemo ba leholimo. Likomello tsa morao-rao ho pholletsa le bochabela ba Australia ka 2018-19 le 2019-20 li ile tsa ama likhoebo tsa mapolasi hampe, ka hona li eketsa litlamorao tse hlahang tsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo temong ea Australia [5].
Ho lema lijalo tse sirelelitsoeng, tse tsejoang hape e le temo ea ka tlung [6] - ho tloha ho li-polytunnels tsa theknoloji e tlase ho isa ho li-greenhouses tsa theknoloji e mahareng, tse laoloang ka mokhoa o itseng oa tikoloho, ho ea ho matlo a khalase a 'bohlale' a theknoloji e phahameng le mapolasi a kahare - ho ka thusa ho matlafatsa polokeho ea lijo lefatšeng ka bophara lilemong tsa bo-21. lekholo la lilemo. Leha ho le joalo, leha pono ea toropo e kholo e iphelisang e khahla e le mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le liphephetso tsa sejoale-joale, ts'ebetso ea temo ea kahare ha e tsamaellane le
thabo le tshepo ya babuelli ba yona. Ho lema lijalo tse sirelelitsoeng le temo ea ka tlung ho kenyelletsa ts'ebeliso e kholo ea theknoloji le boiketsetso ho ntlafatsa ts'ebeliso ea mobu, ka hona ho fana ka litharollo tse khahlisang ho ntlafatsa tlhahiso ea lijo nakong e tlang [7]. Lefatšeng ka bophara, tsoelo-pele ea temo ea litoropong [8,9] e 'nile ea etsahala hangata ka mor'a likoluoa tse sa foleng le / kapa tse matla, tse kang ho fokotsa leseli le sebaka Netherlands; ho putlama ha indasteri ea makoloi Detroit; ho oa ha 'maraka oa litša Lebopong la Amerika Bochabela; le thibelo ea koluoa ea metsu ea Cuba. Tse ding
likhothaletso li tlile ka mokhoa oa limmaraka tse teng, ke hore, lijalo tse sirelelitsoeng li atile Spain [10] ka lebaka la phihlello e bonolo ea naha ho limmaraka tsa Europe Leboea. Hammoho le liqholotso tse teng, seoa se ntseng se tsoela pele sa COVID-19 se ka fana ka tšusumetso e hlokahalang ho fetola temo ea litoropo [11].
E le hore temo ea litoropong e be le karolo ea bohlokoa ho ntlafatseng tšireletseho ea lijo le phepo e nepahetseng ea batho, e lokela ho atolosoa lefatšeng ka bophara e le hore e be le bokhoni ba ho holisa lihlahisoa tse ngata ka tsela e baballang matla, lisebelisoa le chelete e baballang ho feta. hona joale ho khoneha. Ho na le menyetla e mengata ea ho ntlafatsa tlhahiso le boleng ba lijalo ka ho kopanya tsoelo-pele ea taolo ea tikoloho, taolo ea likokoanyana, phenomics le automation.
ka matsapa a ho ikatisa a shebaneng le litšobotsi tse ntlafatsang kaho ea limela, boleng ba lijalo (tatso le phepo) le chai. Mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea lijalo tsa morao-rao le tse ntseng li hlaha tse amanang le mefuta e tloaelehileng ea lijalo, hammoho le limela tsa meriana, li ka lengoa mapolasing a laoloang ke tikoloho [12,13].
Tlhokahalo e haufi ea ho ntlafatsa polokeho ea lijo litoropong le ho fokotsa khabone ea lijo e ka rarolloa ka mekhoa e mecha makaleng a lijo tsa temo, joalo ka temo e sirelelitsoeng le temo ea ka tlung e otlolohileng. Tsena li tsoa ho li-poly-tech-tech tse nang le taolo e fokolang ea tikoloho, li-greenhouses tse laoloang ka mokhoa o sa fellang ho ea ho li-glasshouses tsa theknoloji e phahameng le lisebelisoa tsa temo tse otlolohileng tse nang le mekhoa ea morao-rao ea theknoloji. Ho lema lijalo tse sirelelitsoeng ke lekala la tlhahiso ea lijo le ntseng le hola ka potlako ho fetisisa Australia, ho latela boholo ba tlhahiso le phello ea moruo [12]. Indasteri ea lijalo tse sirelelitsoeng tsa Australia e na le lisebelisoa tsa theknoloji e phahameng (17%), matlo a likhalase (20%) le litsamaiso tsa tlhahiso ea lijalo tse thehiloeng ho hydroponic/substrate (52%), tse bontšang tlhoko le monyetla oa ho nts'etsapele lekala la agrifood. Tlhahlobisong ena, re tšohla boemo ba lijalo tse sirelelitsoeng maemong a mahlale a teng le lijalo tse tsamaellanang tsa temo ea temo, ho hlalosa menyetla le mathata a lokelang ho rarolloa ke lipatlisiso tse tsoelang pele Australia.
2. Mekhoa ea Hona Joale le Mekhoa ea Temo e Sirelelitsoeng
Ka selemo sa 2019, sebaka sohle se etselitsoeng ho lema lijalo tse sirelelitsoeng, seo ka kakaretso se kenyeletsang.
ho lema lijalo ka tlas'a mefuta eohle ea tšireletso-ho hakanngoa ho lihekthere tse 5,630,000 lefatšeng ka bophara [14]. Kakaretso ea sebaka sa meroho le litlama tse lenngoeng ka har'a li-greenhouses (mehaho e sa feleng) e hakanngoa hore e ka ba 500,000 ha lefatšeng ka bophara, 'me 10% ea lijalo tsena e lengoa matlong a likhalase le 90% matlong a limela tsa polasetiki [15,16]. Sebaka sa Australia sa greenhouse se hakanngoa hore se ka ba lihekthere tse 1300, se nang le li-greenhouses tsa theknoloji e phahameng (likhoebo tse ka bang 14, e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e nka karolo e ka tlase ho lihekthere tse 5) e nkang karolo ea 17% ea sebaka sena, 'me matlo a limela a thekenoloji a tlase a etsa 83% [17]. ]. Lefatšeng ka bophara, li-greenhouses tsa polasetiki le likhalase li etsa hoo e ka bang 80% le 20%, ka ho latellana, ea li-greenhouses tse hlahisoang [16].
Ho lema lijalo tse sirelelitsoeng ke lekala la tlhahiso ea lijo le ntseng le hōla ka potlako Australia, le theko e ka bang $ 1.5 limilione tse likete ka selemo hekeng ea polasi ea 2017. Ho hakanngoa hore hoo e ka bang karolo ea 30 lekholong ea lihoai tsohle tsa Australia li lema lijalo ka mokhoa o itseng oa tsamaiso ea lijalo e sirelelitsoeng, 'me hore lijalo tse lenngoeng ka tlas'a sekhurumetso li etsa hoo e ka bang 20% ea kakaretso ea boleng ba tlhahiso ea meroho le lipalesa [18]. Australia, sebaka se hakanyetsoang sa tlhahiso ea meroho ea sethopo se phahameng ka ho fetisisa Australia Boroa (580 ha), se lateloa ke New South Wales (500 ha) le Victoria (200 ha), ha Queensland, Western Australia le Tasmania li etsa <50 ha e le 'ngoe [17 ].
Ho latela buka ea Australian Horticulture Statistics Handbook (2014-2015) le lipuisano le indasteri, boleng bo phahameng ba tlhahiso (GVP) ea litholoana, meroho le lipalesa bo hakanngoa bakeng sa 2017. Har'a mekhoa e ntseng e hōla e sebelisoang, lijalo tse lengoang ka hydroponic / substrate- Mekhoa ea tlhahiso e thehiloeng holima (52%) e ile ea nkoa e le ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa, e lateloa ke e lenngoeng tlas'a mekhoa ea ho nontša mobu (35%), ka motsoako oa mekhoa ea ho nosetsa mobu le hydroponic/substrate-based systems (11%), le ho sebelisa hydroponics/matsoai. mokhoa oa filimi (NFT) (2%) (Setšoantšo sa 1A). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, har'a mefuta ea ts'ireletso, lijalo tse lenngoeng ka tlas'a poly/glass coverings (63%) li bile le GVP e phahameng ka ho fetesisa, e lateloe ke tse lenngoeng ka tlas'a likhurumetso tse ngata (23%), sefako / moriti (8%) le poly/sefako/moriti. e akaretsa (6%) (Figure 1B) [17]. Ka hare ho Australia, lipalo-palo tsa li-GVP tsa lihlahisoa tse khethehileng tsa temo ea limela tsa greenhouse ha li fumanehe habonolo [15].
Setšoantšo sa 1. Kakaretso ea tlhahiso ea boleng ba kakaretso (GVP) ea lijalo tse tlas'a lijalo tse sirelelitsoeng (2017) ka mokhoa oa ho hōla (A) le tšireletso (B). Tlhahiso e thehiloeng ho Hydroponics / substrate e kenyelletsa kholo ea semela e se nang mobu ka mokhoa o sa sebetseng joalo ka rockwool. Tlhahiso e thehiloeng mobung / monontša e kenyelletsa ho hōla ha limela ka ho sebelisa mobu o nang le manyolo (tšebeliso e kopantsoeng ea manyolo le metsi). Mokhoa oa filimi oa hydroponics/nutrient film (NFT) o kenyelletsa ho potoloha metsi a sa tebang a nang le limatlafatsi tse qhibilihileng tse fetang metso ea limela ka likanale tse sa keneleng metsi. 'Poly' e bolela polycarbonate.
Sefako / moriti, hangata e le letlooeng kapa lesela, li sireletsa lijalo ho sefako le ho thibela karolo ea khanya e feteletseng. $ e bua ka AUD.
Har'a meaho ea tikoloho e laoloang United States, likhalase kapa li-polycarbonate (poly) greenhouses (47%) li atile ho feta mapolasi a theohileng ka tlung (30%), matlo a theknoloji e tlase a polasetiki (12%), mapolasi a lijana (7%). ) le mekhoa ea meetlo ea metsi a tebileng ka tlung (4%). Har'a mekhoa e ntseng e hōla, hydroponics (49%) e tloaelehile ho feta mobu (24%), aquaponic (15%), aeroponic (6%) le hybrid (aeroponics, hydroponics, soil) systems (6%) [19,20].
Australia e na le mapolasi a seng makae a emeng holimo, haholo-holo ka lebaka la hore e na le litoropo tse 'maloa tse nang le baahi ba bangata. Leha ho le joalo, Australia e na le sebaka sa greenhouse sa lihekthere tse ka bang 1000 [16,17] 'me thomello ea meroho e mecha le litholoana e eketsehile haholo ho tloha 2006 ho ea 2016 bakeng sa Australia [16] ka ho eketseha ha lijalo tse sa koaheloang. Leha Australia e qadile hantle temong ya ka tlung mme lekala le na le menyetla e meholo ya kgolo, ho hloka nako ho hola le ntshetsopele e eketsehileng ho ba seabo se ka sehloohong lefatsheng lohle. Hajoale, lits'ebeletso tsa mapolasi a ka tlung tse sekametseng khoebong li ka aroloa ka mekhahlelo e meraro e latelang ea tsoelopele ea thekenoloji: thekenoloji e tlase, e mahareng le e phahameng. E 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e tšohloa ka ho qaqileng haholoanyane likarolong tse latelang.
2.1. Theknoloji e Ncha ea lithanele tsa Low-Tech Poly-Tunnels
Lisebelisoa tsa thekenoloji e tlase tse kenyang letsoho haholo temong e sirelelitsoeng li na le mefokolo e mengata e hlokang litharollo tsa theknoloji ho thusa ho fetohela litsing tse etsang phaello tse mahareng kapa tsa theknoloji e phahameng tse hlahisang lijalo tsa boleng bo holimo tse nang le lisebelisoa tse fokolang. Li-poly-tech-tech-tech li etsa karolo ea 80-90% ea tlhahiso ea lijalo tsa greenhouse lefatšeng ka bophara [20] le Australia [17]. Ha ho nahanoa ka karolo e kholo ea li-polytunnel tsa theknoloji e tlase ho lijalo tse sirelelitsoeng le maemo a tsona a tlase a boemo ba leholimo, fertigation le taolo ea likokoanyana, ho bohlokoa ho rarolla mathata a amanang le ona molemong oa ho eketsa tlhahiso le moruo ho balemi.
Boemo ba thekenoloji e tlase bo akaretsa mefuta e fapaneng ea lithanele tse ngata tse ka tlohang ho meaho ea tšepe ea nakoana e nang le likoahelo tsa polasetiki ho isa meahong e hahiloeng ka sepheo sa ka mehla. Ka kakaretso, ha li laoloe ho feta matla a ho phahamisa sekoahelo sa polasetiki ha ho chesa haholo kapa ho na le maru ka ntle. Likoahelo tsena tsa polasetiki li sireletsa lijalo ho sefako, pula le serame sa leholimo le ho atolosa nako ea ho hōla ho isa bohōleng bo itseng. Mehaho ena e theko e tlaase e fana ka
puseletso e ntle bakeng sa matsete lijalong tsa meroho joalo ka lettuce, linaoa, tamati, likomkomere, k'habeche le zucchini. Ho lema ka har'a lithanele tsena ho etsoa mobung, ha ts'ebetso e tsoetseng pele e ka sebelisa lipitsa tse kholo le ho nosetsa ka marotholi bakeng sa tamati, blueberries, eggplant kapa pelepele. Leha ho le joalo, le hoja lijalo tse sirelelitsoeng tsa theknoloji e tlaase li utloahala ho balemi ba banyenyane, mekhoa e joalo e na le mefokolo e mengata. Ho hloka taolo ea bona ea tikoloho ho ama ho tsitsa ha boholo le boleng ba sehlahisoa mme ka hona ho fokotsa
phihlello ya mebaraka ya dihlahiswa tsena bakeng sa bareki ba hlokang tse kang mabenkele a maholo le direschorente. Ka lebaka la hore hangata lijalo li lengoa mobung, lihoai tsena li boetse li tobane le maloetse a mangata a bakoang ke likokoanyana le mobu (mohlala, tšoaetso ea nematode e sa khaotseng). Indasteri le bo-mphato ba lipatlisiso ba hloka mekhoa e mecha ea ho fana ka litharollo ho pholletsa le moralo oa lits'ebetso le lits'ebetso tsa taolo ea lijalo hammoho le lits'ebetso tse bohlale tsa khoebo ho isa lihlahisoa kantle ho naha.
le ho boloka ketane ea phepelo ea kamehla. Dikgothatso le tshehetso ho tswa ho ditheo tsa ditjhelete le dintla tsa thekenoloji (mohlala, taolo ya baeloji, mokgwa wa ho iketsetsa o sa fellang wa nosetso le taolo ya mocheso) ho tswa diyunivesithing le dikhamphaning di ka thusa balemi ho fetohela mekgweng e tsoetseng pele ya tekhenoloji ya temo.
2.2. Ho Ntlafatsa Lihaebollo tsa Medium-Tech ka Litlhahiso le Litheknoloji tse Ncha
Temo e sirelelitsoeng ea theknoloji e mahareng ke sehlopha se pharaletseng se kenyeletsang matlo a limela a tikoloho a laoloang le matlo a likhalase. Karolo ena ea lefapha la temo e sirelelitsoeng e hloka lintlafatso tse kholo tsa thekenoloji haeba e le ho qothisana lehlokoa le tlhahiso e kholo ea lijo mapolasing a sebelisang lithanele tsa theknoloji e tlase le lihlahisoa tsa boleng bo holimo tse tsoang matlong a limela tsa theknoloji e phahameng. Taolo ea tikoloho ka har'a li-greenhouses tsa theknoloji e mahareng hangata e na le leeme kapa le matla 'me mocheso oa li-greenhouses o ka laoloa ka ho bula marulelo ka letsoho,
lisebelisoa tse tsoetseng pele haholo li na le lisebelisoa tsa ho futhumatsa le ho futhumatsa. Tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa letsatsi le lifilimi tse bohlale li ntse li batlisisoa ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa matla le likhahla tsa carbon ka har'a li-greenhouses tsa theknoloji e bohareng [21-23].
Le hoja li-greenhouses tse ngata li ntse li entsoe ka PVC kapa likhalase tsa khalase, lifilimi tse bohlale li ka sebelisoa ho mehaho ena kapa li ka kenyelletsoa moralo oa sethopo ho eketsa matla a matla. Ka kakaretso, li-greenhouses tsa maemo a holimo li sebelisa mecha ea phatlalatso e ntseng e hola joalo ka li-block tsa Rockwool tse nang le lirisiti tsa manyolo a metsi a lekantsoeng ka hloko ka mekhahlelo e fapaneng ea kholo ho eketsa chai. Ka linako tse ling kemiso ea CO2 e sebelisoa ho sethopo sa theknoloji e mahareng ho matlafatsa chai le boleng. Lekala la lijalo tse sirelelitsoeng tsa theknoloji e mahareng le tla rua molemo ho tsoa litšebelisanong tsa indasteri le liunivesithi ho hlahisa litharollo tse tsoetseng pele tsa mahlale le thekenoloji, ho kenyeletsoa mefuta e mecha ea lijalo tse nang le chai e ngata le boleng, taolo e kopaneng ea likokoanyana, ho nosetsa ka boiketsetso le taolo ea boemo ba leholimo ea greenhouse, le thuso ea robotic taolong ea lijalo. le kotulo.
2.3. Lintlafatso tsa Saense le Theknoloji bakeng sa Li-Greenhouses tsa Tech-Tech
Mehaho ea likhalase tsa theknoloji e phahameng e ka kenyelletsa tsoelo-pele ea morao-rao ea theknoloji ea physiology ea lijalo, fertigation, recycling, le mabone. Likamoreng tse kholo tsa khoebo, mohlala, theknoloji ea 'smart glass', solar photovoltaic (PV) le mabone a tlatsetso, joalo ka liphanele tsa LED, li ka sebelisoa ho ntlafatsa boleng ba lijalo le chai. Bahlahisi ba ntse ba tsoela pele ho iketsetsa libaka tse mahlonoko le/kapa tse hlokang basebetsi haholo joalo ka ho beha leihlo lijalo, ho tsamaisa peō le kotulo.
Nts'etsopele ea bohlale ba maiketsetso (AI) le thuto ea mochini (MI) e butse litekanyo tse ncha bakeng sa li-greenhouses tsa theknoloji e phahameng [24-28]. AI ke sehlopha sa melao ea khomphutha le mefuta ea lipalo-palo e koetliselitsoeng ho lemoha lipaterone ho data e kholo le ho etsa mesebetsi eo ka kakaretso e amanang le bohlale ba motho. AI e sebelisoang ho lemoha litšoantšo e sebelisoa ho lekola bophelo bo botle ba lijalo le ho lemoha matšoao a mafu, e nolofalletsang ho etsa liqeto kapele, tse nang le tsebo e ntlafetseng bakeng sa tsamaiso le kotulo ea lijalo—tseo matsatsing ana li ka finyelloang.
ka matsoho a roboto ho fapana le mosebetsi oa batho. Internet-of-Things (IoT) e fana ka tharollo bakeng sa boiketsetso bo ka etsoang ka mokhoa o ikhethileng bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa greenhouse [29]. Kahoo, AI le IoT li ka kenya letsoho haholo sebakeng sa temo ea sejoale-joale ka ho laola le ho iketsetsa mesebetsi ea temo [30].
Lipatlisiso le nts'etsopele lefapheng la liroboto tsa temo li eketsehile haholo lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng [31-33]. Sistimi e ikemetseng ea kotulo ea lijalo bakeng sa capsicum e atamelang katleho ea khoebo e bontšitsoe ka sekhahla sa katleho ea kotulo ea 76.5% [31] Australia. Mekhoa ea liroboto bakeng sa limela tsa tamati e tlositsoeng makhasi, kotulo ea capsicum (bell pepper) le limela tsa tamati tse tsamaisang peō [34,35] li entsoe Europe le Israel, 'me li ka rekisoa haufinyane.
Ho feta moo, litsamaiso tsa software tsa tsamaiso ea basebetsi bakeng sa li-greenhouses tse kholo tsa theknoloji e phahameng li tla ntlafatsa katleho ea basebetsi haholo, ho ntlafatsa menyetla ea moruo ea likhoebo tsena. Phetoho ea IT le boenjiniere e tla tsoelapele ho matlafatsa temo e sirelelitsoeng le temo ea ka tlung, e lumellang balemi ho beha leihlo le ho laola lijalo tsa bona ho tsoa ho likhomphutha le lisebelisoa tsa thekeng, tse ka sebelisoang le ho etsa temo ea bohlokoahali le temo.
liqeto tsa mebaraka. Li-greenhouses tsa theknoloji e phahameng li na le monyetla o phahameng ka ho fetisisa oa ho thusa lekala la lijalo le sirelelitsoeng la Australia, ka hona lipatlisiso tse tsoelang pele le ntlafatso ea lits'ebeletso tsena li kanna tsa fetolela nako le chelete e tsetelitsoeng hantle.
2.4. Ho Ntlafatsa Mapolasi a Emeng Bakeng sa Litlhoko tsa Kamoso
Lilemong tsa morao tjena, ho bile le tsoelo-pele e potlakileng ea 'temo e otlolohileng' lefatšeng ka bophara, haholo-holo linaheng tse nang le baahi ba bangata le mobu o sa lekaneng [36,37]. Temo e otlolohileng e emela boleng ba USD 6 bilione empa e ntse e le karolo e nyane ea 'maraka oa lefats'e oa temo oa lidolara tse libilione [38]. Ho na le liphetolelo tse fapaneng tsa temo e otlolohileng empa kaofela ha tsona li sebelisa lishelefo tse holang tsa mobu tse otlolohileng kapa tse nang le hydroponic sebakeng se koaletsoeng ka botlalo le se laoloang, se lumellang hore ho be le boemo bo phahameng ba boits'oaro, taolo le botsitso [39]. Leha ho le joalo, temo e otlolohileng e ntse e lekanyelitsoe ho lijalo tsa boleng bo holimo le tsa nako e khuts'oane ka lebaka la litšenyehelo tse phahameng tsa matla le hoja li fana ka tlhahiso e ke keng ea lekanngoa ka square meter le maemo a phahameng a metsi le limatlafatsi.
Tekanyo ea thekenoloji ea temo e otlolohileng-haholo-holo, ho fihla ha likhalase tsa 'bohlale' - ho ka hohela balemi ba chesehelang ho sebetsa le theknoloji e ntseng e hlaha ea khomphutha le data e kholo joalo ka AI le Marang-rang a Lintho (IoT) [40]. Hajoale, mefuta eohle ea temo ea ka tlung e hloka matla le mosebetsi o boima, leha ho na le sebaka sa tsoelo-pele e kholo ho litheknoloji tsa othomathike le tsa matla a matla. Hona joale, mefuta e tsoetseng pele ka ho fetisisa ea temo ea ka tlung e fana ka matla a eona sebakeng sa marang-rang 'me e ikemetse ho grid ea lisebelisoa tse akaretsang. Lijarete tse marulelong li ka tloha ho meralo e bonolo ka holim'a meaho ea toropo ho isa ho likhoebo tse kaholimo ho marulelo a meaho ea masepala New York le Paris. Temo ea ka tlung e otlolohileng e na le bokamoso bo khanyang, haholo kamora seoa sa COVID-19 mme e maemong a matle a ho eketsa karolo ea eona ea 'maraka oa lefats'e oa lijo, ka lebaka la eona.
Sistimi e sebetsang hantle haholo ea tlhahiso, phokotso ea litefiso tsa phepelo le thepa, monyetla oa ho iketsetsa (ho fokotsa ts'ebetso) le phihlello e bonolo ho basebetsi le bareki.
3. Lijalo tse Lebeletsoeng ho Sejalo se Sirelelitsoeng
Hajoale, lijalo tse loketseng temo ea ka tlung li na le palo e lekantsoeng ka lebaka la mefokolo ea lijalo bakeng sa kholo ea ka tlung hammoho le meeli ea lijalo tse sirelelitsoeng joalo ka litšenyehelo tse phahameng tsa matla (bakeng sa ho bonesa, ho futhumatsa, ho pholisa le ho tsamaisa litsamaiso tse fapaneng tsa boiketsetso) tse lumellang lijalo tsa boleng bo holimo [ 41–43]. Leha ho le joalo, tlhahiso ea moruo ea mefuta e fapaneng ea lijalo tse jeoang e bohlokoa haeba lijalo tse sirelelitsoeng li tla ba le tšusumetso e kholo
tšireletseho ea lijo lefatšeng ka bophara [12,13,44]. Mefuta ea lijalo bakeng sa temo ea meroho e sirelelitsoeng e fapana haholo le ea tlhahiso ea masimong a bulehileng e ruisetsoang ho mamella maemo a fapaneng a tikoloho, e leng ntho e sa hlokeng hakaalo temong e sirelelitsoeng. Tsoelo-pele ea mefuta e loketseng ea mefuta e tla hloka hore ho be le mekhoa e mengata (e kang ho ipepesetsa, ho hōla ho sa feleng, metso e matla) e fapaneng le mekhoa e nkoang e le.
e lakatsehang lijalong tsa ka ntle (Setšoantšo sa 2) (E amohetsoe ho tsoa ho [13]).
Setšoantšo sa 2. Litšobotsi tse lakatsehang bakeng sa lijalo tse behang litholoana tse lenngoeng ka matlung tlas'a maemo a laoloang-tikoloho a amanang le lijalo tse lengoang kantle tlas'a maemo a masimong.
Hajoale, litholoana le meroho tse etselitsoeng hantle temo ea ka tlung li kenyelletsa:
• Tse hōlang lifateng tsa morara kapa lihlahla (tamati, fragola, raspberry, blueberry, likomkomere, capsicum, morara, kiwifruit);
• Lijalo tse khethehileng tsa boleng bo phahameng (hops, vanilla, safrone, kofi);
• Lijalo tsa meriana le litlolo (seaweed, Echinacea);
• Lifate tse nyenyane (cherries, chokolete, mango, lialmonde) ke likhetho tse ling tse sebetsang [13].
Likarolong tse latelang, re tšohla lijalo tse teng hona joale le nts'etsopele ea mefuta e mecha ea temo ea ka tlung ka botlalo.
3.1. Lijalo Tse Leng Teng Tse Hōlisoang ka Metsing e Tlase, e Mahareng le ea Theknoloji e Phahameng
Mekhoa e sirelelitsoeng ea theknoloji e tlase le e mahareng e hlahisa haholo tamati, likomkomere, zucchini, capsicum, eggplant, lettuce, meroho ea Asia le litlama. Mabapi le sebaka, bongata ba litholoana tse hlahisoang le palo ea likhoebo, langa le le lej ke sejalo sa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa sa meroho se hlahisoang ka li-greenhouses, se lateloa ke capsicum le lettuce [15,45].
Australia, nts'etsopele ea meaho e meholo e laoloang ea tikoloho e lekanyelitsoe haholo-holo ho tse hahiloeng bakeng sa ho lema tamati [15]. Ho hakanngoa hore GVP ea litholoana, meroho le lipalesa bakeng sa 2017, tšimong le litsing tse sirelelitsoeng tsa lijalo, e bonts'a matla a tamati lefapheng la lijalo tse sirelelitsoeng tsa Australia.
Kakaretso e hakantsoeng ea GVP bakeng sa 2017 mabapi le tlhahiso ea masimo le ka tlas'a tšireletso ea lijalo tsa temo e ne e le holimo ho tamati (24%), e lateloe ke fragola (17%), litholoana tsa lehlabula (13%), lipalesa (9%), blueberry. (7%), likomkomere (7%) le capsicum (6%), le meroho ea Asia, litlama, li-eggplant, ciliegia le monokotsoai e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e na le chelete e ka tlaase ho 6% (Setšoantšo sa 3A).
Setšoantšo sa 3. Khakanyo ea boleng ba kakaretso ea tlhahiso (GVP) bakeng sa tlhahiso e akaretsang ea masimo le lijalo tse sirelelitsoeng tsa meroho (A) le GVP ea lijalo tse lenngoeng tlas'a temo e sirelelitsoeng ka 2017 (B) bakeng sa Australia.
Har'a tsena, GVP ea lijalo tse lenngoeng ka mekhoa e sirelelitsoeng ea lijalo e ne e phahame ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa tamati (40%), e neng e etelletse pele ka karolo e kholo ho lijalo tse ling ho kenyelletsa lipalesa (11%), fragola (10%), litholoana tsa lehlabula (8% ) le monokotšoai (8%), 'me e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea lijalo tse setseng e nka karolo e ka tlase ho 5% (Setšoantšo sa 3B). Leha ho le joalo, 'maraka oa lehae oa Australia o tletse tamati ea greenhouse, e siea indasteri e sirelelitsoeng ea lijalo
ka mekhoa e 'meli e latelang: eketsa thekiso ea lijalo tsena limmarakeng tsa machaba; le/kapa ho khothaletsa balemi ba seng ba ntse ba le teng naheng ena ho fetohela tlhahisong ea lijalo tse ling tsa boleng bo holimo. Palo ea lijalo tse lenngoeng tlas'a tšireletso e ne e le holimo ho monokotsoai (85%) le tamati (80%), e lateloe ke lipalesa (60%), likomkomere (50%), cherry le meroho ea Asia (e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea 40%), fragola le lehlabula.
litholoana (e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea 30%), blueberry le litlama (e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea 25%), 'me qetellong, capsicum le eggplant, ka 20% e' ngoe le e 'ngoe [17]. Hajoale, temo ea ka tlung e hlokang matla le mosebetsi o boima e lekanyelitsoe ho lijalo tsa boleng bo holimo tse ka hlahisoang ka nako e khuts'oane ka matla a tlase [46,47]
'Lifekthering' tsa limela, lijalo tse lengoang hajoale ke meroho le litlama tse makhasi, ka lebaka la nako e khuts'oane ea lijalo (hobane litholoana le lipeo ha li hlokehe) le boleng bo phahameng [7], taba ea hore lijalo tse joalo li hloka khanya e nyane haholo. bakeng sa photosynthesis [48] le hobane boholo ba biomass ea limela e hlahisoang e ka kotuloa [46,49]. Ho na le monyetla o moholo oa ho ntlafatsa chai le boleng ba lijalo tse lengoang lipolasing tsa litoropo [12].
3.2. Patlisiso ea Indasteri: Lithahasello tsa Barupeluoa li Leng Hokae?
Ho tsebahatsa lihlooho tsa bohlokoa tsa lipatlisiso ho bohlokoa ho ntlafatsa katleho ea lipatlisiso tsa sechaba le tsa poraefete bakeng sa bokamoso ba lijalo tse sirelelitsoeng. Mohlala, Future Food Systems Co-operative Research Center (FFSCRC), e qaliloeng ke New South Wales Farmers Association (NSW Farmers), University of New South Wales (UNSW) le Food Innovation Australia Ltd. (FIAL), e na le consortium. tse fetang 60 tse thehiloeng
indasteri, mmuso le bankakarolo ba lipatlisiso. Mananeo a eona a lipatlisiso le bokhoni a ikemiselitse ho ts'ehetsa bankakarolo ho ntlafatseng tlhahiso ea lits'ebetso tsa lijo tsa tikoloho le tse haufi le litoropo, ho nka lihlahisoa tse ncha ho tloha ho mohlala ho ea 'marakeng le ho kenya tšebetsong liketane tsa phepelo tse sirelelitsoeng ka potlako ho tloha polasing ho ea ho bareki. Ho fihlela seo, FFSRC e fana ka tikoloho ea tšebelisano ea lipatlisiso e reretsoeng ho ntlafatsa temo e sirelelitsoeng e le ho matlafatsa bokhoni ba rona ba ho rekisa lihlahisoa tsa boleng bo holimo tsa temo le ho thusa Australia ho ba moetapele oa saense le thekenoloji bakeng sa lekala le sirelelitsoeng la lijalo.
Barupeluoa ba ile ba hlahlojoa ho fumana lijalo tse reretsoeng temo ea ka tlung. Har'a barupeluoa ba khethileng lijalo tse reretsoeng, thahasello ea meroho e foreshe (29%) e ne e le kholo, e lateloa ke thahasello ea lijalo tsa litholoana (22%); cannabis ea meriana, litlama tse ling tsa meriana le lijalo tse khethehileng (13%); mefuta ea matsoalloa/matsoalloa (10%); li-mushroom / li-fungus (10%); le meroho e makhasi (3%) (Setšoantšo sa 4).
Setšoantšo sa 4. Khethollo ea lijalo tse hlahisoang hajoale ke bankakarolo ba FFSCRC litsing tse sirelelitsoeng tsa lijalo, ka hona, thahasello ea barupeluoa ea ho fumana tharollo ea ho lema lijalo tsena ka mokhoa o atlehang ka tlas'a tšireletso.
Phuputso e ne e itšetlehile ka boitsebiso bo mabapi le barupeluoa ba fumanehang Inthaneteng; ho fumana lintlha tse qaqileng ho tla ba bohlokoa ho utloisisa le ho fihlela litlhoko tse khethehileng tsa barupeluoa.
3.3. Ho Hōlisa Mefuta e Mecha ea Mefuta e Mecha ea Litsi tse Laoloang-Tikoloho
Litheknoloji tsa ho ikatisa tse fumanehang bakeng sa ntlafatso ea limela tsa meroho le lijalo tse ling li ntse li tsoela pele ka potlako [50]. Lijalong tse sirelelitsoeng, lekala le matla la moruo le nang le liphetoho tse potlakileng mekhoeng ea 'maraka le likhethong tsa bareki, ho bohlokoa ho khetha mofuta o nepahetseng oa semela [44,51]. Ho na le lithuto tse ngata tse lekang ho ikamahanya le lijalo tsa boleng bo holimo joalo ka tamati le li-eggplant bakeng sa tlhahiso ea sethopo [52,53]. Litheknoloji tse ncha tsa ho ikatisa [50] li nolofalitse nts'etsopele ea mefuta e mecha e nang le litšobotsi tse lakatsehang, 'me lik'hamphani tse ling li qalile ho rala limela bakeng sa ho hōla libakeng tse laoloang tlas'a mabone a LED [20]. Leha ho le joalo, mefuta ea mefuta e 'nile ea hōlisetsoa haholo ho eketsa chai tlas'a maemo a fapaneng haholo a masimo [46]. Litšobotsi tsa lijalo tse kang ho mamella komello, mocheso le serame—tse lakatsehang lijalong tse lenngoeng masimong empa hangata li na le likotlo tsa chai—ha li hlokehe.
temo ea ka tlung.
Litšobotsi tsa bohlokoa tse ka lebisitsoeng bakeng sa ho fetola lijalo tsa boleng bo holimo ho temo ea ka tlung li kenyelletsa nako e khuts'oane ea bophelo, lipalesa tse tsoelang pele, karo-karolelano e tlase ea metso ho ea ho letlobo, ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng tlasa ts'ebeliso e tlase ea matla a photosynthetic, le mekhoa e lakatsehang ea bareki ho kenyelletsa tatso, 'mala, sebopeho le litaba tse itseng tsa limatlafatsi [12,13]. Ho feta moo, ho ikatisa ka ho khetheha bakeng sa boleng bo holimo ho tla hlahisa lihlahisoa tse lakatsehang haholo tse nang le boleng bo holimo 'marakeng. Mahlaseli a khanyang, mocheso, mongobo le phepelo ea limatlafatsi li ka laoloa e le ho fetola ho bokellana ha metsoako e lebisitsoeng makhasi le litholoana [54,55] le ho eketsa boleng ba phepo ea lijalo, ho akarelletsa le liprotheine (bongata le boleng), divithamini A, C. le E, carotenoids, flavonoids, liminerale, glycosides le anthocyanins [12]. Mohlala, liphetoho tse etsahalang ka tlhaho (moraraneng) le ho fetola liphatsa tsa lefutso (ka kiwifruit) li sebelisitsoe ho fetola meaho ea limela, e tla ba molemo bakeng sa ho hola ka tlung libakeng tse thibetsoeng. Phuputsong ea morao tjena, limela tsa tamati le cherry li entsoe ka mokhoa oa CRISPR–Cas9 ho kopanya litšobotsi tse tharo tse lakatsehang tse latelang: phenotype e nyenyane, tloaelo ea ho hōla e kopanetsoeng le lipalesa tsa pele ho nako. Ho tshwaneleha ha mefuta ya tamati e hlahiswang "e hlophisitsoeng" bakeng sa ho sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tsa temo ea kahare ho netefalitsoe ho sebelisoa liteko tsa masimong le tsa khoebo tse otlolohileng [56].
Tlhahlobo ea tlhahiso ea limolek'hule ho theha lijalo tse ntlafalitsoeng e ile ea buisana ka boleng bo eketsehileng ba lihlahisoa tsa temo ka ho nts'etsapele lijalo tsa temo ka melemo ea bophelo bo botle le meriana e jeoang [46]. Mekhoa ea mantlha ea ho nts'etsapele lijalo tsa temo ka melemo ea bophelo bo botle e ile ea bonoa e le pokello ea limatlafatsi tse lakatsehang kapa phokotso ea metsoako e sa lakatseheng, le ho bokella metsoako ea bohlokoa.
hangata ha li hlahisoe lijalong.
4. Liqholotso le Menyetla ea Temo e Sirelelitsoeng le Temo ea Ka tlung
Mehaho e tsoetseng pele ea temo e sirelelitsoeng le ea temo ea ka tlung e na le tšusumetso e fokolang ea tikoloho. Leha ho lema lijalo ka tlas'a sekoaelo ho ja matla ho feta mekhoa e meng e mengata ea temo, bokhoni ba ho fokotsa litlamorao tsa boemo ba leholimo, ho netefatsa ho lateloa le ho lema lijo tsa boleng bo holimo ho khothaletsa phano e tsitsitseng ea lihlahisoa tsa boleng, ho hohela meputso e fetang hole litšenyehelo tse ling tsa tlhahiso. [18]. Liqholotso tsa mantlha tsa temo e sirelelitsoeng li kenyelletsa:
• Litsenyehelo tse phahameng tsa lichelete, ka lebaka la litheko tse phahameng tsa mobu libakeng tse ka hare ho litoropo le libakeng tse haufi le litoropo;
• Tšebeliso e phahameng ea matla;
• Tlhokahalo ea basebetsi ba nang le litsebo;
• Taolo ea mafu ntle le taolo ea lik'hemik'hale; le
• Nts'etsopele ea li-index tsa boleng ba phepo e nepahetseng-ho hlalosa le ho netefatsa likarolo tsa boleng ba lihlahisoa-bakeng sa lijalo tse lengoang ka matlung.
Karolong e latelang, re tšohla tse ling tsa liqholotso le menyetla e amanang le temo e sirelelitsoeng.
4.1. Maemo a Matle bakeng sa Tlhahiso e Phahameng le Tšebeliso e Ntle ea Mehloli
Kutloisiso e kholoanyane ea litlhoko tsa lijalo methating e fapaneng ea kholo le tlas'a maemo a khanyang a fapaneng e bohlokoa haeba balemi ba batla ho boloka tlhahiso ea lijalo e baballang chelete e ngata maemong a laoloang. Tsamaiso e nepahetseng ea tikoloho ea sethopo, ho kenyeletsoa maemo a eona a leholimo le phepo e nepahetseng, le maemo a sebopeho le a mochini, a ka eketsa boleng ba litholoana le chai haholo [57]. Mabaka a tikoloho ea ho hola a ka ama kholo ea semela, sekhahla sa moea oa mouoane le potoloho ea 'mele. Har'a mabaka a boemo ba leholimo, mahlaseli a letsatsi ke a bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa kaha photosynthesis e hloka leseli, 'me chai ea lijalo e lekana ka ho toba le maemo a khanya ea letsatsi ho ea fihla libakeng tsa khanya bakeng sa photosynthesis. Hangata, taolo e nepahetseng ea tikoloho e hloka litšenyehelo tse phahameng tsa matla, ho fokotsa phaello ea temo e laoloang ea tikoloho. Matla a hlokahalang bakeng sa ho futhumatsa le ho pholisa sethopo e ntse e le taba e tšoenyang haholo le sepheo sa ba batlang ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa matla [6]. Lisebelisoa tse benyang le mahlale a macha a khalase joalo ka Smart Glass [58] li fana ka menyetla e ts'episang ea ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tse amanang le ho boloka mocheso oa sethopo le ho laola maemo a tikoloho. Matsatsing ana, mahlale a macha a likhalase le lits'ebetso tse pholileng tse sebetsang hantle li kenyellelitsoe ho lema lijalo tse sirelelitsoeng litsing tsa likhalase. Lisebelisoa tsa glazing li na le monyetla oa ho fokotsa
tšebeliso ea motlakase, ka ho monya mahlaseli a letsatsi a feteletseng le ho tsamaisa matla a khanyang ho hlahisa motlakase ka lisele tsa photovoltaic [59,60].
Leha ho le joalo, lisebelisoa tse koahelang li ama li-greenhouse microclimates [61,62] ho kenyelletsa leseli [63] 'me ka hona ho bohlokoa ho hlahloba phello ea lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa glazing ka kholo ea limela le physiology, tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa, chai ea lijalo le boleng libakeng tseo ho tsona ho nang le lintlha. joalo ka CO2, mocheso, limatlafatsi le nosetso li laoloa ka thata. Mohlala, li-semi-transparent Organic Photovoltaics (OPVs) tse ipapisitseng le motsoako oa regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), le phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) li ile tsa lekoa ho lema limela tsa pepere (Capsicum annuum). Tlas'a moriti oa li-OPV, limela tsa pepere li hlahisitse boima ba 20.2% ho feta 'me limela tse nang le moriti li ne li le telele ka 21.8% qetellong ea nako ea ho hōla [64]. Phuputsong e 'ngoe, ho fokotseha ha PAR ho bakoang ke liphanele tse feto-fetohang tsa photovoltaic marulelong ha hoa ka ha ama chai, morphology ea limela, palo ea lipalesa ka lekala,' mala oa litholoana, ho tiea le pH [65].
Filimi ea 'smart glass' ea "smart glass" e tlase haholo, e leng Solar Gard™ ULR-80 [58], hajoale e ntse e lekoa tlhahisong ea likhalase. Sepheo ke ho lemoha bokhoni ba lisebelisoa tsa glazing tse nang le phetisetso ea khanya e feto-fetohang le ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tse phahameng tsa matla tse amanang le ts'ebetso litsing tsa theknoloji e phahameng ea greenhouse horticulture. Filimi ea Smart glass (SG) e sebelisoa ho likhalase tse tloaelehileng tsa likhalase tsa likhalase ka bomong libakeng tse lemang lijalo tsa meroho ho sebelisoa mekhoa ea khoebo ea ho lema le ho laola [66,67]. Liteko tsa li-eggplant tlas'a SG li bontšitse matla a phahameng le katleho ea ho nosetsa [42], empa hape e fokolitse chai ea li-eggplant, ka lebaka la litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa lipalesa le / kapa ho ntša mpa ka lebaka la photosynthesis e fokolang [58]. Filimi ea SG e sebelisitsoeng e ka 'na ea hloka ho fetoloa ho hlahisa maemo a nepahetseng a khanya le ho fokotsa likhaello tsa khanya bakeng sa litholoana tse nang le carbon e ngata tse kang eggplant.
Tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tse ncha tse bolokang matla tse bolokang matla joalo ka likhalase tse bohlale li fana ka monyetla o motle oa ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa matla a ts'ebetso ea ntlo ea likhalase le ho ntlafatsa maemo a bobebe bakeng sa ho lema lijalo tse reriloeng. Lifilimi tsa sekoaelo se bohlale joalo ka lifilimi tsa temo tse luminescent-light emitting (LLEAF) li na le monyetla oa ho ntlafatsa le ho laola kholo ea limela le nts'etsopele ea pelehi temong e sirelelitsoeng ea theknoloji e mahareng. LETSATSI
liphanele li ka lekoa ka mefuta e fapaneng ea lijalo tse thunyang le tse sa thunyang ho bona hore na li thusa ho eketsa kholo ea limela le ho ikatisa (ka ho fetola mekhoa ea fisioloji e tšehetsang kholo ea semela le tlhahiso ea lijalo le boleng).
4.2. Taolo ya Disenyi le Malwetse
Le hoja libaka tsa temo tse sirelelitsoeng tse laoloang li ka fokotsa likokoanyana le maloetse, ha li se li hlahisitsoe, li thata haholo ebile li bitsa chelete e ngata ho li laola ntle le ho sebelisa lik'hemik'hale tse chefo. Temo ea ka tlung e otlolohileng e lumella ho beha lijalo leihlo ka hloko bakeng sa matšoao a likokoanyana kapa mafu, ka letsoho le/kapa ka boiketsetso (ho sebelisa mahlale a ho utloa) le ho amohela mekhoa ea liroboto tse ntseng li hlaha le/kapa mekhoa ea ho lemoha hole.
ho lemoha kapele ha ho qhoma le ho tlosoa ha limela tse kulang le/kapa tse nang le tšoaetso [7].
Mekhoa e mecha ea taolo ea likokoanyana (IPM) [68] e tla hlokoa bakeng sa taolo e sebetsang ea tse senyang lijalo matlong a limela. Maano a nepahetseng a tsamaiso (setso, 'mele, mochini, baeloji le lik'hemik'hale), hammoho le mekhoa e metle ea setso, mekhoa e tsoetseng pele ea ho beha leihlo le ho tsebahatsa hantle ho ka ntlafatsa tlhahiso ea meroho ha ho ntse ho fokotsa ho itšetleha ka tšebeliso ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana. Mokhoa o kopantsoeng oa ho laola mafu o kenyelletsa tšebeliso ea limela tse hanyetsanang, tsamaiso ea likhoerekhoere, mekhoa e metle ea setso le tšebeliso e nepahetseng ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana [44]. Ho etsoa ha maano a macha a IPM ho ka fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa basebetsi le tlhoko ea ho sebelisa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ka lik'hemik'hale. Nka, mohlala, tšebeliso ea litšitšili tse ncha, tse holisitsoeng khoebong, tse molemo ka tlhaho (mohlala, aphid midge, green lacewing, joalo-joalo) ho laola likokoanyana tse senyang lijalo le ho fokotsa ho itšetleha ka taolo ea lik'hemik'hale. Ho leka IPM e ncha e fapaneng
maano, ka ho itšehla thajana le ka kopanelo, a tla thusa ho nts'etsapele likhothaletso tse khethehileng tsa lijalo le setsi bakeng sa balemi.
4.3. Boleng ba Sejalo le Maemo a Phepo
Ho lema lijalo tse sirelelitsoeng ho fa balemi le balekane ba indasteri chai e ngata le lihlahisoa tsa boleng bo holimo selemo ho pota [69]. Ho hlaolela litholoana le meroho ea pele, leha ho le joalo, ho hloka tlhahlobo e phahameng ea phepo e nepahetseng le boleng ba litekanyetso [70]. Mekhahlelo ea mantlha ea boleng ba litholoana e kenyelletsa mongobo, pH, lintho tse tiileng kaofela tse qhibilihang, molora, 'mala oa litholoana, asiti ea ascorbic le acidity ea titratable, le litekanyetso tse tsoetseng pele tsa phepo e kenyelletsang tsoekere, mafura, liprotheine, livithamini le li-antioxidants; ho tiea le litekanyo tsa tahlehelo ea metsi le tsona li bohlokoa ho hlalosa li-index tsa boleng [66]. Ho feta moo, tlhahlobo ea boleng bo holimo ea lihlahisoa tsa lijalo e ka kenyelletsoa ho sistimi e ikemetseng ea greenhouse. Ho hlahloba mefuta e fumanehang ea lijalo bakeng sa litekanyetso tsa boleng ho tla fana ka mefuta e mecha ea litholoana le meroho ea boleng bo holimo, e nang le limatlafatsi bakeng sa balemi le bareki. Maano a agronomic a kenyeletsang tikoloho ea kholo le mekhoa ea tsamaiso ea lijalo a tla hloka ho ntlafatsoa ho matlafatsa tlhahiso le limatlafatsi tsa limela tsa lijalo tsena tsa boleng bo holimo.
4.4. Khiro le Tsebo ea Tsebo ea Mosebetsi
Litlhoko tsa basebetsi bakeng sa indasteri ea lijalo tse sirelelitsoeng li ntse li eketseha (> 5% ka selemo) 'me ho hakanngoa hore batho ba fetang 10,000 ho pholletsa le Australia ba hiriloe ka ho toba ke indasteri. Leha ho na le maemo a phahameng a ho iketsetsa, temo e sirelelitsoeng ka bongata e hloka basebetsi ba bohlokoa, haholo-holo bakeng sa ho theha lijalo, tlhokomelo ea lijalo, ho tsamaisa peō ka mechine le lihlahisoa tsa kotulo. Ka tlhokahalo e ntseng e eketseha
bakeng sa balemi ba nang le litsebo tse phahameng, phepelo ea basebetsi ba nang le tsebo e loketseng e lula e le tlaase [18,71]. Ho tla hlokahala basebetsi ba nang le boiphihlelo bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea temo e otlolohileng ea litoropong, e tla hlahisa mesebetsi e mecha bakeng sa litsebi tsa theknoloji, batsamaisi ba merero, basebetsi ba tlhokomelo le basebetsi ba mebaraka le mabenkele [7]. Ho theha lits'ebeletso tse tsoetseng pele tsa merero e mengata ho tla fana ka monyetla oa ho araba lipotso tsa lipatlisiso, ka ho etsa joalo ho ntlafatse sepheo sa ho eketsa tlhahiso ea mefuta-futa ea lijalo ha ho ntse ho fana ka thuto le koetliso ea litsebo tse ka 'nang tsa hlokahala haholo lekaleng la kamoso la lijalo tse sirelelitsoeng.
5. Liphello
Libakeng tsa matlo a limela tsa theknoloji e phahameng tse nang le theknoloji e bohlale, ho na le monyetla o moholo oa ho ntlafatsa phaello ka ho iketsetsa libaka tse mahlonoko le/kapa tse hlokang basebetsi tse ngata joalo ka tlhahlobo ea lijalo, ho tsamaisa peō le kotulo. Nts'etsopele ea AI, liroboto le ML li bula litekanyo tse ncha bakeng sa lijalo tse sirelelitsoeng. Mapolasi a theohileng a etsa karoloana e nyane ea 'maraka oa lefats'e oa temo mme, leha e le matla haholo, temo e otlolohileng e fana ka tlhahiso e ke keng ea lekanngoa ka maemo a phahameng a metsi le matla a limatlafatsi. Tlhahiso ea moruo ea lijalo tse fapaneng e bohlokoa haeba tlhahiso ea lijalo tse sirelelitsoeng e tla ba le tšusumetso e ntle ho polokeho ea lijo lefatšeng ka bophara. Mekhoa e sirelelitsoeng ea theknoloji e tlase le e mahareng e hlahisa haholo tamati, likomkomere, zucchini, capsicum, eggplant le lettuce lijalo, hammoho le meroho le litlama tsa Asia.
Nts'etsopele ea libaka tse kholo tse laoloang tikolohong ea Australia e lekanyelitsoe haholo-holo ho lema tamati. Ho hlaolela mefuta e nepahetseng ea lijalo ho tla hloka ho ntlafatsa litšoaneleho tse 'maloa tsa bohlokoa tse fapaneng le tse lakatsehang lijalong tsa kantle. Litšobotsi tsa bohlokoa tse ka lebisoang molemong oa temo ea ka tlung li kenyelletsa potoloho e fokotsehileng ea bophelo ba lijalo, palesa e tsoelang pele, tekanyo e tlase ea metso ho ea ho letlobo, ts'ebetso e eketsehileng tlasa photosynthetic e tlase.
tlhahiso ea matla, le litšobotsi tse lakatsehang tsa bareki, joalo ka tatso, 'mala, sebopeho le likahare tse ikhethang tsa limatlafatsi.
Ho feta moo, ho ikatisa ka ho khetheha bakeng sa lijalo tsa boleng bo holimo, tse nang le phepo e nepahetseng ho tla hlahisa lihlahisoa tse lakatsehang tsa temo ea limela (le tse ka bang teng, tsa bongaka) tse nang le boleng bo holimo ba mmaraka. Phaello le ho tšoarella ha lijalo tse sirelelitsoeng li ipapisitse le ho hlahisa litharollo tsa liqholotso tsa mantlha tse kenyeletsang litšenyehelo tsa ho qala, tšebeliso ea matla, basebetsi ba nang le boiphihlelo, taolo ea likokoanyana le nts'etsopele ea index ea boleng.
Lisebelisuoa tse ncha tse benyang le tsoelo-pele ea mahlale e ntseng e etsoa lipatlisiso kapa e lekoa e fana ka litharollo tsa ho rarolla mathata a bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa a ho lema lijalo. Lintlafatso tsena, mohlomong, li ka fana ka matlafatso e hlokahalang ho thusa lekala le sirelelitsoeng la lijalo hore le fihle boemong bo tsitsitseng le bo baballang ba ho sebelisa matla hantle le ho phethahatsa litlhoko tse ntseng li eketseha tsa polokeho ea lijo, ha ho ntse ho bolokoa boleng ba lijalo le phepo e nepahetseng.
litaba, le ho fokotsa litlamorao tse kotsi tsa tikoloho.
Menehelo ea Mongoli: SGC o ngotse tlhahlobo ka ho kenya letsoho le ntlafatso e fanoeng ke DTT, Z.-HC, OG le CIC Bangoli bohle ba balile mme ba lumellana le phetolelo e hatisitsoeng ea buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho.
dithuso tsa ditjhelete: Tlhahlobo e ne e thehiloe tlalehong e rometsoeng le ho tšehetsoa ka lichelete ke Setsi sa Lipatlisiso sa Future Food Systems Cooperative Research, se tšehetsang litšebelisano tse tsamaisoang ke indasteri pakeng tsa indasteri, bafuputsi le sechaba. Hape re fumane tšehetso ea lichelete ho tsoa mererong ea Horticulture Innovation Australia (Nomoro ea Thuso VG16070 ho DTT, Z.-HC, OG, CIC; Nomoro ea ho fana ka VG17003 ho DTT, Z.-HC; Nomoro ea ho fana ka LP18000 ho Z.-HC) le morero oa CRC P2 -013 (DTT, Z.-HC, OG, CIC).
Polelo ea Boto ea Tlhahlobo ea Setheo: Ha e sebetse.
Tlaleho ea Tumello e Tsebisitsoeng: Ha e sebetse.
Tlaleho ea ho ba Teng ha Boitsebiso: Ha e sebetse.
Likhohlano tsa Thahasello: Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore ha ho na likhohlano tsa thahasello.
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